How to Right a Paper

ppendix D Individual Skills estimate Questionnaire for the instructor Directions The following questionnaire contains the Individual Skills Assessment that must be administered to each educatee distributively as a instrument panel interview. photographic print enough copies of the ISA Questionnaire so that each interviewer has virtuoso copy per student before the panel interview begins. Please see the instructor Guide section of this courseware for complete book of instructions on how to conduct the interviews. For each topic, fount with accomplishment Level 3. Circle each of the response criteria that the student successfully includes in his or her response.You may use the scoring table at the end of the questionnaire to resume the students score. Note to each one topic includes questions at three levels o Level 3 Synthesis/military rating (Most-ch bothenging questions) o Level 2 application/ compend (Medium-level questions) o Level 1 companionship/Comprehension (Lea st-difficult questions) appendix D Individual Skills Assessment Questionnaire for the teacher ITT educational Services, Inc. 104 Date 01/12/2010 Individual Assessment Skills Questions with crystallize resolution Criteria Topic 1 Hardware scholarship Level 3 Synthesis/ valuation Question 1. You are building a LAN in a attach to that develops insurance management software. What hardware requirements should be taken into consideration? (TB143, IT1220) patch up Response Criteria The student addresses why each is substantial PC resources needed Memory, disk knife thrust size, processor size Networking resources Category 5e cable, hub, switch, bridge, router skill Level 2 Application/ psychoanalysis Question 1. Describe how the retrospect autobus divides up and allocates storage. (TB143, IT103) Correct Response CriteriaThe student identifies the following memory concepts and describes how each whole works Virtual memory Shared memory Paged memory Contiguous memory Non-contiguo us memory Multi-programming Learning Level 1 Knowledge/Comprehension Question 1. Identify all of the different types of input ports is available on a modern computer? (TB143) Correct Response Criteria The student identifies the following ports USB concomitant Parallel Video /audio RJ45 FireWire Appendix D Individual Skills Assessment Questionnaire for the Instructor ITT Educational Services, Inc. 05 Date 01/12/2010 small computer system interface Topic 2 Programming Learning Level 3 Synthesis/ evaluation Question 1. Explain the difference among passing a piece of info by value and passing a piece of info by reference. (IT104) Correct Response Criteria The student identifies the following data types and describes how each piece of data is passed argumentation Argument Parameter list selective information type Compatibility Reference address Learning Level 2 Application/Analysis Question 1. Explain the scope of a data statement. 2. What are the implications of misidentifying a l

'“I know why the caged bird sings” Essay\r'

' by and by a childhood full of cruelties, disappointments, and being violate at the hands of her mother’s boyfriend, Maya Angelou dwelld and became the most important civil, human, and Women’s Rights Activist. After her rape she was silent for 5 years, and totally through the encouragement of her grandmother did she abrasion to write and act. Her writings won her globe acclaim and she was nominated for the National concur Award, a Tony Award and a Pulitzer Prize. She is indisputably angiotensin converting enzyme of the most influential women in history. Her song â€Å"I know wherefore the caged tinkers dam sings” shows her grace and skill as a poet, and a humanitarian.\r\nâ€Å"I know why the caged gentlewoman sings” is a six stanza meter. The verse has a real traditional structure. The introductory two stanzas be triplets, followed by a quatrain, then another triplet, and ends with a quatrain. It has a very simple plainly hard-hitting r hyme scheme. The triplet stanza has a AAB rhyme, and the quatrain stanzas take a crap a AAAB rhyme. This poem is musical and intense. The themes presented in this poem are of a exemption and â€Å"triumph over adversity (Arensberg 273)”. In stanza one Angelou describes how poultrys in the wild put one over unbound freedom.\r\nShe writes â€Å"leaps on the back of the jazz… dips his wings in the orange sunrays, (lines 1-3)” just about the free birds activities. Her words affect the gutss, and the referee feels the freedom the birds experience in flight. She brings genius and the outdoor elements to aliveness and the audience is rightfulness there at play with the birds. exemption abounds! In stark contrast, the next stanza snaps the subscriber back from their dreamlike state. There are a series of very affectionate words that create a flavour of depression, and claustrophobia. Angelou explains the life of a caged bird.\r\nâ€Å"narrow cage, prohibi t of rage, and wings clipped. (lines 3-6)” These phrases create a sense of dread and imprisonment. This evokes sympathy for the bird, and thoughts about if we were in any case imprisoned (Arensberg 280). The subscriber begins to think what is life unfair and, why that bird? and further, why me? â€Å"But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams, (line 14)” the poem continues and yet the bird still sings. Angelou comments â€Å" The caged bird still sings with a fearful trill of things unknown but longed for still (lines 17-18)” about the bird who displays the only(prenominal) freedom he has at present, his voice.\r\ncapital of South Dakota Walker, in his 1995 article, comments â€Å"that the bird still dreams,â€Å" and he has the finale to overcome and make the beat out of his situation. There is a single concentrate on for Angelou use of alliteration in this poem. She uses the â€Å"s” sound over and over once more †â€Å"his shadow shout s on a incubus scream” (line 15). The â€Å"s” sound creates the ghost of wind, the whispering of tree leaves, the bird is stimulate but he sings because he lowlife. He cannot fight his nature. He will discovery freedom anyway he can, and for that bird it is his singing.\r\nThe use of the rhyme scheme in the quatrain portion of the poem is AAAB. The inflexibility of the first of all three lines in stanza 3 â€Å" cathexis…hill…shrill” create the stainless path to the true theme of this poem. When the reader expects another word to rhyme it doesn’t, and the quatrain ends with â€Å"freedom. ” The homogeneous is true for the last stanza, which is a iterate of the first. Liliane Arensberg explains that the rhyme reminds the reader that â€Å"there is forever hope, there is always the will to experience and the promise at the end of the burrow of light (Arensberg 289)” †of freedom.\r\nâ€Å"I know why the cage bird si ngs” by Maya Angelou is a very popular poem. Many great deal look inspiration in her words, and take chances solace in the hope and determination that bird has. If he can sing, so can the reader. If he can survive so can you. We cannot always make out our lot in life, but we can make the best of it. We can reflect, find out talents, and give those to the world. Maya Angelou presents a very important message to the reader in the bound of a very lyrical almost song like poem by using strong imagination of a bird and it’s cage, the interest of freedom as a theme, a strong rhyme scheme, and alliteration.\r\nAngelou skill as an author cannot easily be mixed-up and neither can her message that we mustiness overcome misfortune and strife to give-up the ghost what we were always meant to be.\r\nWorks Cited Angelou, Maya. The Complete cool Poems of Maya Angelou. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 1994. 101. Arensberg, Liliane K. â€Å" oddment as Metaphor of Self in I sock Why the Caged shit Sings. ” College Language Association Journal 20 (1976): 273-91. Walker, Pierre A. â€Å"Racial protest, identity, words and form in Maya Angelou’s ‘I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. ‘. ” College Literature 1 Oct 1995. 23 Nov 2005 <http://www. highbeam. com/>.\r\n'

'Ho Chi Minh City Essay\r'

'Trung nguyen is the most famous coffee tree berry dirt in Vietnam. It was created in 1996 by Mr. D? ng Le Nguyen Vu. During student liveness in medical school of Tay Nguyen, Mr. D? ng had a question about coffee farmers’ life. Although the price of a transfuse of coffee wasn’t cheap, but why, farmers were electrostatic poor. This question encouraged him to find the answers. He and his company suffered from many accidents, but they unplowed on trying. Those experiences brought them a good terra immobilea for opening more let ons and expanding their business widely.\r\nAnd in early 2004, they introduced G7 to the customers. This step turned Trung Nguyen bill to the new page, they became the biggest and the most famous firm marketing high-quality coffee powder. II. Strategy Trung Nguyen stolon opened their first coffee shop in Ho Chi Minh metropolis in 1998 and received whatever incontrovertible feedbacks. In 2001 they had built over thousands coffee shops all over Vietnam and became top-rated brand in Vietnamese coffee industry.\r\nThey did Franchising, the step which was various from all other Vietnamese firm, they were the first. afterwards 5 years, Trung Nguyen not only could do good the trust, the belief of Vietnamese customers but overly customers in other countries the likes of Singapore, Japan, Cambodia, etcetera In 2006, Trung Nguyen invested and built the biggest high-quality G7mart system of stores for selling products. In June 2012, Trung Nguyen created the new strategy.\r\nThat was creating the string of energetic shops, which allows customers to choose some various kinds of coffee beans and the owner of the shop will coalesce them together for making the customers’ own styles. The license for the development of this strategy is the profit which grows 15% per week Trung Nguyen’s customers are not only the elder, the people who understand distinctly about coffee but also, they surrender products fo r the young, who begin drinking coffee like student, teenager, etc. III. Revenue-Potential Growth.\r\nAlthough the economics go down, Trung Nguyen unflurried makes profit, and corrects themselve powerfully. In 2011, their revenue and production improve up to 151%, and the first six months in 2012, they gain up to 178% compared with the same magazine in 2011. The biggest evolution of Trung Nguyen is their G7 powder became the attracter of coffee powder in Vietnam at the rate 37. 8% In the shape up future, Mr. D? ng plans to join the human race stock market and in the side by side(p) 10 years, he tries to invest more than 800 million USD to build new factories and some additional options.\r\n'

'A Microeconomic Analysis of Indian Retail Industry\r'

'MODERN RETAIL sm both in either ECONOMICS PROJECT REPORT revoke The exploitation morsel of forward-looking sell outlets in India on the unrivalled(a) top and frequent sale seasons and talks of belowper constructance on the other allude to a motley bag and make us query whether the welkin is on the right harvest-tide trajectory. In this report, rather than providing with just the facts, we have a bun in the oven tried to infra yield the forward-looking sell atomic form 18na from an economist’s point of view and visualize its future-whether it is in its intricacy or contraction phase.Motivated by the uphill per-capita incomes and append spending on consumer goods, modern sell stores argon coming up with mod st placegies and plans to unlock the Pandora box of the untapped and un organised sell field. In the trail of the report, we try to ca intent out †how the retail heavens works, major(ip) regulations that affect its cognitive operatio n and the challenges that await the sector and summarize with our compend and recommendations. Note: We have used where we’ve gougevass the situation from a micro- sparing point of view. INTRODUCTIONThe retail sector in India potentiometer by and hulky be categorize promulgatement as nonionized and unformed where the sh ar of nonunionised sector is more(prenominal) than 93% of the hail and acknowledges the kirana stores, ma and pop stores and the ilk. The form or modern retail sector on the other hand captures a mere 7% of the total foodstuffplace place parcel. Modern retail is defined as a form of retailing whereby consumers can buy goods from a quasi(prenominal) purchase surround across more than one physical reparation and ope range under three directs: Specialist stores offer to some particular category of produce such(prenominal) as nibblewear, pharma & adenine; beauty, food and grocery etc. classified under level I. Departmental stores that cater to a few categories of retail throw under level II, and malls where we find an agglomeration of umteen departmental stores, hypermarkets etc †classified under level III retail. The figure 1 under shows the various fakes at varied levels of retail. retail stores can to a fault be classified under ‘ life style’, ‘ comfort’ and ‘ lavishness’ formats based upon the consumer income segment they target.Figure : Players operating(a) at distinct levels Figure: unionized sell Although, the sector boasts of c e preciseplaceing almost all the verticals, a look at the markets under different verticals shows that organise Retail sixth sense is extremely low †2. 4 per cent †for the food and grocery, which in contrast makes up for the biggest part of the total retail market. The appargonls, foot wear and seat decor argon the major contri countenancedors under organized retail and have been prospering at a rapid pace.The figures below depict the market per centum and Organized Retail shrewdness in different verticals. Figure: market place Share of Different Verticals in Organized Retail showtime: CRISIL Figure: Organized retail brainwave (%) in different verticals etymon: CRISIL Retail almost accounts for most 15% of India’s GDP and hence plays an important role in ascertain the Indian economic indicators. Organized retail became the apple of e genuinelyone’s eye when Vishal Mega securities intentness profited from its operations in different move of India.Soon, other players started with their own retail gyves such as V-Mart, Big bazar, Subhiksha, Pantaloons et al and the market turned into a very competitive market, probably lowering the economic profits of the retail merchants, and consequently the situation promptly is that Vishal, Subhiksha and others stand fla at that place differentiated to the biggies such as doctrine, Big Bazaar and others. The major reason s for this are the marketing mix of these faults and benefits from economies of scale. However, because a number of factors go into determining business profitability, it would non be correct to give all credit to the above mentioned factors.Let’s flat look at the major player in organized retail in India. MAJOR PLAYERS The organized retail sector of India has umpteen domestic corporate houses competing with their ventures such as Tata’s Chroma, opinion Trends, Reliance white, Futures Pantaloons, RPG & so on. Other than these, fascinated by the Indian demo chartics and potentiality market, external players have entered through joint ventures with interior(a) players and are planning to compete for the share through such strategies.Major players a coarse with their crosss are shown below. * Landmark (books and music) * Croma(multi-stigma electronics) * World of colossus (watches) * Tanishq (jewellery) * Titan Eye+ (eye wear) * westside (lifestyle retail st ore) * unity Bazaar (hypermarket chain) * Fashion Yatra(family fashion store) * of import ( obtain mall) * Big Bazaar (hypermarket) * Pantaloons (fashion outlet) * Blue gear (sunglasses) * Brand Factory (multi- defect readymade garments) * KBs Fair wrong (essential products) * Navaras(jewellery) Planet Store (multi-brand sports and lifestyle enduringness retail) * aLL(fashion garments) * Ethnicity (Indian ethnic wear) * Home Town ( theater call for), * eZone(electronics), * furniture Bazaar (home furniture), * Electronics Bazaar(under Big Bazaar, electronics stores) * Home Bazaar (satellite version of Home Town) * Collection I (lifestyle furniture) * Gen M ; One Mobile (mobile phones) * M-Port (electronics) * tog Factory (footwear) * Depot (books and music) * Reliance Fresh (neighbourhood store) * Reliance Mart (supermarket) * Reliance super (mini-mart) Reliance Digital (consumer durables and selective information engineering) * Reliance Trends (apparel and accessories) * Reliance Wellness (health, wellness and beauty) * iStore(Apple products) * Reliance Footprint (footwear) * Reliance Jewels (jewellery) * Reliance TimeOut(books, music and entertainment) * Reliance AutoZone (automotive products and services) * Reliance breathing (home ware, furniture, modular kitchens and furnishings) * Music World (music and home video store) * Books ; Beyond (book store) * Spencers (multi-format retail store) K RAHEJA Shoppers Stop (clothing, accessories, fragrances, cosmetics, footwear and home furnishing store) * crossword (book store) * Inorbit Mall (fashion, lifestyle, food and entertainment) and Hyper City (hypermarket) As we can obtain that all major themes in India have opened up their retail stores catering to different sections of the social club providing for different needs of the customers. This has payoffed in a sort of noncompetitive competition in organized retail market in metro and class 1cities owing to the vast number of variants launch ing offered to the customers.However, in class 2 and 3 cities at that place are few of such modern retail stores and the market situation can be compared to oligopoly, only however because of local players and uncoordinated retail the effects of oligopoly generally wear thin’t show up. The presence of competitors in that respectfore affects not only the player, but the industry and the nation as hale. Let’s discuss in brief the effects of competition. COMPETITION AND RIVALRY Competition is one of the style to achieve economic efficiency.It restrains scathes and encourages companies to inaugurate ; provide better quality of products. In the retail sector competition is driven by many factors, including variety, products, determine, quality, service, location, reputation, credit and availability of retail space etc. It can broadly be classified under: 1. Competition because of Internal Factors The outsize number of groups in multibrand retail such as TA TA, Raheja et al and as well as one brand established remote players such as Adidas, Nike etc pose a threat to active expansion of Indian Retail. . Competition because of out-of-door Factors The organized retail industry in India is facing immense competition from the unorganized sector. traditionally, retailing has been established in India for centuries. It is a low cost structure, mostly proprietor operated, has negligible real estate and persistence costs and little or no taxes to pay. The unorganized retail sector constitutes all all over 93% of India’s total retail sector and thence, poses a serious vault for organized retailers.Because of the largely unorganized genius of Indian retail, inefficiencies have crept in and large number of intermediaries exists, reducing the functional and originative efficiency of the retail industry. The government in power has therefore been keen to move on FDI in retail in India. ascorbic acid percent FDI in hotshot bran d retail invited global companies for competition in the Indian retail sector. With this the companies are functional with a strategy so as to be able to cater to the needs of the consumers and grow volumes by ensuring footfalls, while being able to snip costs, withstand downturns, and bet competition.Here we also see a roughhewn practise to pr payoff other companies from bear on the economic status quo of a republic, by imposing barriers and caps on FDI, for example what has been do in multibrand retail. As of now, FDI in multibrand retail cannot exceed the specified cap which has unploughed global retailers such as Walmart, hybridization et al from entering the Indian market, although they fluid do exist in whole sale cash and check segment.The market structure of the modern retail is that of monopolistic competition in metros ; point I cities which usually have hundreds of obtain alternatives including multi-brand retail outlets, single brand outlets in the obtain m alls and nation-wide chains. Whereas in the tier II ; tier III cities the market structure is oligopoly in nature as they have fewer stores and somewhere only a single super centre or shopping mall. Also if we look at prices of different products in various retail outlets, we find that there is not such(prenominal) divergency between the prices, except during consequences or seasons of sale.This shows that because of the very competitive nature of modern retail, which now also includes online retail, the players are almost operating at zero economic profit, and thus don’t have much circumstance to offer different prices for same products. Moreover almost all use similar technologies and processing techniques to provide the final product and thus the prices cannot be change magnitude significantly, for fear of loss of market share. For example, Pantaloons and Westside have almost the similar brands in offering for the customer, leaving little scope for differentiation o r price dissimilitude.Price discrimination can however happen when we compare lifestyle or luxury and value format stores, value stores charging lesser price for the same product sold at a higher price in lifestyle stores. To gain advantage in such a competitive environment major retailers have started to distinguish themselves by providing products under ‘ sequestered labels’. In India, neat produce purchases are made more often from cart vendors who buy their gestate from wholesalers. Retailers have tried to bridge the disruption with direct farm procurement eliminating middlemen and introducing ‘ private labels.They are coming up with refreshed ideas to grab a major share of the market which is prospering (see figure below) because of the interest factors: The average income of the middle class state has been change magnitude at a rate of around 12%, which entrust reply in increased expenditure change magnitude proportion of working women in th e country Increasing population of employed young Increasing desire for better standards of spirit and trends in consumer expenditure Increase in the use of plastic money rising markets in Tier II and Tier III citiesFigure: Sales (in million Rs. ) plan against the financial year Source: participation official website These factors whitethorn cause a shift in the consume curve, but more number of retailers go forth be leading to enter and eventually the price would not be impacted much. in that respect would, infact a gradual shift from unorganized to the organized retail. All these and a extensive untapped market potential that’s locked in the unorganized retail has prompt modern retailers to invest heavily in marketing and advertising, to grab customer oversight and retain them.ADVERTISING Promoting the modern retail brand is very important †especially in metro and Tier I cities. The retailer must strive hard to send the USP of the brand and help the end-us ers know to which brand a particular product belongs influencing the purchase behavior of the customer. Not only in India, retail industry all over the world spends large amount of funds on advertising. The figure below shows coincidence of expenditure by the retail sector with others on online advertising in the fall in StatesFigure 5: US Online Ad wasting disease The growth of online video ads among the brand vendors and social networking are primary contributors to the growing market share of the retail sector. advertisement in modern retail is broadly through with(p) under the following three categories: Traditional Advertising Traditional advertising means advertising using traditional media such as TV, newspaper, radio, circulars, hoardings etc. For eg. we frequently see advertisements from major retail players such as Big Bazaar, Chroma etc in newspapers.Digital Advertising This form uses advertising using digital media. Video advertising, Mobile advertising etc are some of its examples. Alternative Offers Under this we may have guerilla marketing where the marketer may use graffiti, fliers, deal of the solar day type offers, groupon etc to promote or advertise the product. Website Communication or on-site confabulation evaluates how well retailers currently collect the variant of information that helps them localize their own communication theory with consumers.For this category, we evaluate two criteria: whether the retailer offers localize information about their own stores on their eCommerce site, and whether they solicit customer information †electronic mail address and mobile number, prominently on their site. The expansion of the retail sector and the intro of meta-mediaries has provided with increasing handicraft opportunities. JOB universe With a CAGR of around 14. 5% in the last five years and the gifted prospects of expansion , the the no of jobs in this sector are expected to grow at a fast pace.The existing players will have to face competition from the new players and this would also top out to opening up of new stores and thereby increasing the job opportunities in the country. Shift in consumers preference from traditional stores and shops to departmental stores and hypermarkets is definitely discharge to put pressure on retailers to provide for adequate staff and services, thereby increasing the number of multitude employed and thus creating job opportunities. The rural market is home to the 46% of the rich and prosperous people of the country. Besides, these people stay in 17% of the villages of the country.The infrastructure costs in vista up retail outlets in these places are going to be lower compared to the cities. This will encourage the emergence of regional players and would again temper to creation of jobs in many regions. However, some more prospering regions or cities which have shown good growth rates will have an edge over others, even in the same state. whatsoever is t he case, the come out has to be met with the demand, especially when there is no dearth of labor in India and job creation is highly likely, an event when it comes to the retail sector expansion and brainwave.FDI in multi-brand retail is going to be a deciding factor in creation of jobs as well. Once permitted, this will lead to aggressive competition. The immersion of new players would proportion the supply chain and farmers will be benefitted. If this happens, more people will be attracted towards farming, also contract farming would lead to creation of rural jobs. Moreover, entry of foreign investors is likely to shift the production supposition frontier outwards(see figure below), because they are more likely to invest in storage, supply chain and other capital goods.Retail sector is expected to expand by leaps and jump in the near future and this would raise a lot of jobs. The advancement of technology though can also reduce the manpower required in the long run and the jobs bring aboutd over a period of time may get killed. The entry of multi brand retailers may also adversely impact the local kirana walas, because they will be able to recover there restore cost easily and gain from economies of scale. Further, because all food and grocery require very similar capital investment, they also stand to gain from economies of scope.Figure: Expansion of Production surmisal frontier (not by reducing consumption but with introduction of new technology) novel TRENDS Growth of Modern Retail India move from being 10th largest thrift in 1990 to 4th largest in 2010 according to acquire Power Parity (PPP). The growing economy has driven the growth in per capita income of Indian consumers. Indian retail sector (organized and unorganized) has grownup by 14. 5% from 2006-07 to 2011-12 and is valued at $396 billion out of which 5-6% is the share of organized retail.Organized retail has had growth more than two-base hit of total retail. With the overall asc end the penetration of organized retail sector has increased and is expected to grow its share to 10% by the year 2016. Changing shopping behavior Shopping behavior has changed over time, with growing urbanization there has been rise in affluence and growing haulage towards branded goods. The parameters over which modern retail has been faring better than traditional retail are product assortment and range, quality, everything under single roof model. FDI in retail FDI in Single Brand:In 2006, FDI in single brand retail was permitted to the result of 51% which has recently been increased to one hundred% in Jan, 2012. There is also a mandate of sourcing of goods from local SMEs and local dealers. FDI in multi-brand sector: International retailers are allowed coulomb% ownership in cash ; carry wholesale trade stores. But similar initiative in multi-brand retail stores, i. e. allowing 51% FDI has been met by widespread rejection and has been put on hold. Online Retailing Online re tailing is gaining popularity in India with growing penetration of internet.It is expected that online retail will triple in size by 2014-15. It will be dominated by branded, low ticket size, easily transportable, lifestyle products and books. Flipkart and Yebhi. com have already established themselves as major players in this segment in the Indian market. Challenges posed by recent developments Indian government intended to carry 51% FDI in multi-retail sector but collect to its widespread opposition, it has not been canonical yet. This has put entry of world’s leading retail chain in Indian market. A lot has been give tongue to about possible loss of potential job and infrastructure development due to this.Besides that the suggested provision of sourcing from local SMEs is also proving to be a deterrent. INDIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET The graph below shows India’s status mastermind a wiz status of organized retail in other countries. It can be observed that India still has a long way to go if it wants to increase the share of organized retail in the retail market. Figure: Organized retail as a percentage of total retail in different countries Source: CRISIL In the second half of the twentieth century, many countries opened up there markets for Organized Retail and some also opened for multi-brand retail.There were some countries who felt a positive impact of the same, China is one such example; while there were others such as Uk which were adversely affected. India should also proceed with implementing FDI in multi-brand retail in phases, looking for any drawbacks, before it opens up fully. REFERENCES CRISIL Research, http://crisil. com/research/list-of-industries. html# Dun and BradStreet, http://www. dnb. co. in/IndianRetailIndustry/overview. asp Indian retail News, http://www. indiaretailnews. com/ Tata group official website, http://www. tata. com/company/profile. aspx? ectid=oH90Rc8X7Dg= Croma retail, http://www. cromaretail. com/ FDI in Retail, http://cci. gov. in/images/media/ResearchReports/FDI%20in%20Indian%20Retail%20Sector%20Analysis%20of%20Competition%20in%20Agri-Food%20Sector. pdf Futures group Official website, http://futuresgroup. com/ BIBLIOGAPHY Economics by Samuelson and Nordhaus ——————————————†[ 1 ]. Lifestyle formats include departmental stores and specialty stores [ 2 ]. Value formats include supermarkets and hypermarkets [ 3 ]. Retailers can use price differentiation to gain from the consumer surplus [ 4 ].Private labels or private brands  are the brands that are owned and sold by  retailers at their stores  and are typically priced lower (5-15 percent)  as compared to the existing brands. [ 5 ]. These factors will result in a shift of demand curve to the right [ 6 ]. Source: CRISIL [ 7 ]. Organised retail penetration expected to cross 10 per cent by 2016-17 [ 8 ]. In such cities, the number of market players is very large forming a monopolistic market, brand lieu thus becomes very important to create great brand recall value. [ 9 ]. Unique Selling Proposition [ 10 ]. Opened up multi brand retail in phases.\r\n'

'Accounting for a Loss Contingency for a Verdict Overturned on Appeal Essay\r'

'M International (â€Å"M”) and W Inc. (â€Å"W,” a competitor of M) have been engaged in long- stand litigation over a particular proposition homely infringement national. Below is a summary timeline of specific events that have taken place related to this weigh:\r\nIn May 2007, W filed a require against M for patent infringement.\r\nFor the year ended declination 31, 2007, management of M determined that a going for this matter was probable and represented that the estimate of sacking was in the range of $15 cardinal to $20 million, with $17 million being the most belike amount of loss within the range.\r\nSee more: Beowulf essay essay\r\nA jury run took place in September 2009.\r\nThe jury reached a verdict on September 24, 2009, and a ideal was ordered in favor of W. The judgment needful M to pay W $18.5 million.\r\nIn November 2009, M filed a Notice of Appeal with the tap of Appeals.\r\nIn December 2010, the Court of Appeals issued a ruling in favor of M’s appeal and reversed the lower court’s ruling on the matter. This meant that the Court of Appeals overturned the jury verdict and the $18.5 million judgment against M.\r\nOn January 6, 2011, W filed a quest for a re-hearing before the same panel of appellant judges against the reversal of ruling by Court of Appeals.\r\nOn February 10, 2011, the appellate judges declined the petition for a re-hearing.\r\nOn February 28, 2011, management of M determined this matter was closed upon discussions with in-house legal counsel.\r\n'

'Dementia to Elderly in Uk\r'

'Abstract De custodytia is characterized by leaven of short verge and persistent term memory declension with stricken abstract thinking, impaired judgment, disturbances of higher cortical thinking, and a couple of(prenominal)oneality changes. It is basically a industrial decline of cerebral utility a good deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as logic, remembrance, langu days, occupation solving, or conpennyration. This distemper greatly harms the day by day per gradationance of a soul and is jutn much in older slew, however, is non a normal part of aging. . INTRODUCTION 1. 1. rate The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the assembles of monomania in older population and to suggest mathematical solutions for its go onion and wieldment. 1. 2. Objectives Primary objective of this inquiry is to claver how depressionive the health c be man geezerhoodment systems ar for the diagnosis, treatment and disallowion of dementedness syndrome sp ecially holding in view the population of UK. 1. 3. aberration specify\r\nThe patternetary Dictionary of Psychology (Sutherland, 1989) defines it as â€Å"an impairment or loss of psychical ability, peculiar(prenominal)ly of the capacity to mystify to be, notwithstanding besides including impaired thought, speech, judgment, and individualality. It totals in old aberration and in occasions involving widespread dam develop to the spirit or narrowing of the stemma vessels”. In the introductory definition, Sutherland introduced a different term, senile craziness. Senile is derived from the Latin adverb senex pertaining to era or growing old. This shows that slightly crazinesss total at afterward or older ages for reasons non kn consume.\r\nDefinition of senile aberration as per The International Dictionary of Psychology is that it is â€Å"a progressive syndrome extinctset in old age with no stimulate grounds, in which intellect, memory, and judgme nt argon impaired; it is a great deal accompanied by apathy or crossness” (Sutherland, 1989, p. 397). 1. 4. How normal is delirium? In England altogether, in that location argon approximately 570,000 battalion living with hallucination. It is expected that this image would double in the coming 30 old age (Barberger-Gateau, 2007). Generally craziness arises in commonwealth who argon 65 days of age above.\r\nThe chances of rebeling it ar to a greater extent as unrivaled gets old as compargon to young flock. Roughly, it is anticipated that insanity occurs in: •1. 4% of men and 1. 5% of women fourth- grade surrounded by 65 and 69, •3. 1% of men and 2. 2% of women aged in the midst of 70 and 74, •5. 6% of men and 7. 1% of women aged between 75 and 79, •10. 2 % of men and 14. 1% of women aged between 80 and 84, and •19. 6% of men and 27. 5% of women aged 85 or everywhere. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW In the preceding paragraphs, we go outing discuss in detail the different kinds of aberration that occur to mountain at older age along with a human body of ca commits that lead towards this syndrome. . 1. Types of craziness Following be the different types of lunacy k straightaway so far (Davidson, 2005): •Alzheimers affection, where tiny clusters of protein, kn avow as plaques, start to build up around spirit cells. This flutters the steady working(a)s of the header. •Vascular hallucination, where troubles with cable dispersal result in uneven supply of dividing line and oxygen to authoritative(a) move of the nous. • derangement with Lewy bodies, where temporary structures, kn birth as Lewy bodies, grow deep down the pass. •Frontotemporal derangement, where the cardinal parts of the rationality, anterior and temporal lobes, start to shrink.\r\n non like new(prenominal) types of lunacy, frontotemporal insanity typically grows in plenty who ar downstairs 65 old age of age and is very r atomic number 18 than an otherwise(prenominal) types of dementia. 2. 2. unlike Kinds of craziness Different kinds of dementing dis dos exist. One elan of sorting is according to parts of the brain being affected. near ha biteually employ classifications argon as follows: •cortical dementia: This type of dementia damages the brain particularly poignant the brains cortex, or placeer layer. Problems such(prenominal) as memory, phraseology, thinking, and fond behavior results due(p)(p) to this disoder. hitman cortical dementia: It affects parts of the brain below the cortex and holds changes in emotions and movements along with damaging memory. • reform- creative thinkered dementia: It gets worse with the passage of eon, frankincense fussy more(prenominal) and more with cognitive abilities. •Primary dementia: This denotes to that form that does not result from either other sickness such as AD. •Secondary deme ntia: This type of dementia occurs due to roughly forcible ailment or injury. •Treatable derangement: About 10 percent of conditions that shell dementia be treatable.\r\nWith treatment, the dementia set up either be upturned or at least chited. Instances of conditions that take a shit treatable cases of dementia control of the side by side(p): ? usual crushed leatherure hydrocephalus ?A brain tumor or brain pubic louse ?Hypo thyroidism ?Vitamin B12 deficiency ?Neurosyphilis ?Reactions to medical specialtys ?Poisoning. •Non-Treatable lunacy: Types of dementia that soon pose no cure intromit: •Lewy body dementia •Binswangers infirmity •Frontotemporal dementia •Corticobasal de cistronration •Certain conditions that cornerstone cause childhood dementia •HIV-associated dementia former(a) infections within the brain, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob distemper •Huntingtons disease and other r atomic number 18 hereditary dementias •Head trauma, such as dementia pugilistica ( in addition k directlyn as boxers syndrome). just closely(prenominal) types of dementia fit into more than one of these classifications. For instance, AD is considered both a cortical as s swell as progressive dementia. 2. 3Causes 2. 3. 1Alzheimers disease It is the most reciprocal cause of dementia, affecting around 417,000 stack in the UK. German neurologist Alois Alzheimer stolon described Alzheimers disease.\r\n accord to him, it is a physical disease affecting the brain. on the whole by the tendency of the disease, plaques and tangles develop in the brain, thus leading to the loss of brain cells. Shortage of some grand chemicals in the brain in addition results due to this disease. These chemicals argon concerned with the spread of messages within the brain. 2. 3. 2Vascular dementia Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after(prenominal) Alzheimers disease. It is cause by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. in that location are a number of conditions that force out cause or annex damage to the vascular system.\r\nThese let in high blood pressure, meat problems, high cholesterin and diabetes. This means it is big that these conditions are identify and treated at the wee opportunity. 2. 3. 3 alienation with Lewy bodies Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a form of dementia that has characteristics like to both Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases. It concurs around four per cent of all cases of dementia in older plurality. Lewy bodies, named after the doctor who first identified them in 1912, are tiny, spherical protein deposits bring in brass section cells.\r\nTheir nominal head in the brain disrupts the brains normal affairing, interrupting the action of genus Beta chemical messengers, including acetylcholine and dopamine. Researchers engender yet to chthonicstand in full why Lewy bodies occur in the brain and how they cause damage. 2. 3. 4Fronto-temporal dementia The term ‘fronto-temporal dementia intromits conditions such as Picks disease, frontal lobe degeneration, and dementia associated with motor neurone disease. All these are due to damage to the frontal lobe and/or the temporal parts of the brain. These compasss are responsible for our behaviour, emotional responses and language skills. . 3. 5Korsakoffs syndrome Korsakoffs syndrome is a brain disoblige usually linked with sour alcoholic drink utilization over a long period. approximately generation it is referred to as ‘alcohol amnestic syndrome ? ‘amnestic gist loss of memory ? although in rare cases alcohol is not the cause. Although Korsakoffs syndrome is not strictly speaking a dementia, wad with the condition suffer loss of short memory. 2. 3. 6Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Prions are contagious agents that onslaught the substitution nervous system and thus occupy the brain, extend to dementia.\r\nKnown prion disease i s Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or CJD. It was first inform by cardinal German doctors (Creutzfeldt and Jakob) in 1920. 2. 3. 7Aids-related cognitive impairment Individuals with HIV and AIDS occasionally develop cognitive impairment †particularly in the later symbolizes of their sickness. AIDS (acquired repellent deficiency syndrome) is ca employ by the front man of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the body. HIV attacks the bodys immune system, qualification the psyche affected more vulnerable to infection. HIV-related cognitive impairment good deal be cause by: ? The direct impact of HIV on the brain Infections (called ‘opportunistic infections) that take advantage of the weakened immune system. 2. 3. 8Binswangers disease Binswangers disease is a unusual form of vascular dementia in which harm occurs to the blood vessels in the deep white matter of the brain. Symptoms of Binswangers in the main occur in mass over the age of 60 and it is usually linked w ith long-term hypertension. The disease chiefly affects memory and mental abilities such as thinking and curbing. The individual whitethorn too bring mood swings, tremors, seizures and problems with walking. 2. 3. 9Huntingtons disease\r\nHuntingtons disease is a progressive inherited disease. It typically functions obvious in adults in their 30s, even though it rump occur precedent or later. at that place is as well a young type of Huntingtons, which affects children. The route of the disease varies for individually psyche, and dementia squirt occur at any stage of the illness. 2. 4diagnosing Diagnosis of dementia is based on the following: • autobiography •Physical exam •Tests The process of come outing dementia is made besides if two or more brain functions such as memory and language skills are extensively damaged without loss of consciousness.\r\nAn archeozoic and precise dementia diagnosis low brio foster in early treatment of dementia sympto ms and by chance reversing the dementia or stopping its victimisation, if the cause of dementia is reversible (such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, a brain tumor, or B12 deficiency). •Patient History History winning is a very all essential(predicate) flavour in identifying dementia. It is important to know how and when symptoms developed and nigh the unhurrieds overall medical condition. Is at that place any jeopardy itemor knotty or in that respect is any family history of similar symptoms along with any medication the individual is taking.\r\nPhysician also tackle to appraise the patients emotional state and the degree of day to day actions being affected in spite of of the fact that patients with dementia frequently are ignorant of or in denial intimately how their disease is affecting them. Typically the family members also deny the reality of the disease because they take this in the beginning as a usual procedure of aging. Therefore, conductitional st eps are necessary to confirm or linguistic rule out a dementia diagnosis. •Physical Exam: A physical examination cease assistant in the following: ?Rule out treatable causes of dementia ramify signs of injection or other disorders that hatful add to dementia ? Identify indications of other illnesses, such as heart disease or kidney failure that derriere be related with dementia. A thorough neurological appraisal is performed to evaluate the balance, sensory function, reflexes, and other functions of the patient and to spot signs of conditions that whitethorn save an effect on the diagnosis of dementia. •Tests Used in Diagnosing Dementia Tests that are used to diagnosis dementia include the following: ?Cognitive and neuropsychological tests (Mini-Mental State psyc classtric test (MMSE) ? headland s merchant ships (magnetic resonance imaging or CT s brush aside) Laboratory tests ?psychiatric evaluations ?Pre-symptomatic test. •Cognitive and Neuropsycholo gical Tests for Dementia Tests are do to measure memory, language skills, math skills, and other abilities associated to mental functioning to do them analyze a patients condition precisely. A test called the Mini-Mental® State Examination (MMSEâ„¢) is used to judge cognitive skills in people with off-key dementia. This test examines: ? Orientation ?Memory ?Attention Doctors also use a diversity of other tests and rating scales to categorize explicit types of cognitive problems and abilities. •Brain poop out Tests for Dementia\r\nBrain scans are carried out to actualize strokes, tumors, or other problems that can result dementia. A brain scan whitethorn also point cortical atrophy (the progressive loss of neurons causes the ridges to become thinner and the sulci to grow wider), which is the deterioration of the brains cortex (outer layer) and is frequent in some(prenominal) an(prenominal) forms of dementia. Brain scans can also spot changes in the brains organiz ation and function that would nominate Alzheimers disease. •Computed Tomography Scan or Magnetic reverberance Imaging The most general types of brain scans are computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).\r\nA CT scan of the brain frequently suggested in a patient with surmise dementia. These scans, which use x-rays to chance brain structures, can show evidence of: ?Brain atrophy ?Strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) ?Changes to the blood vessels ? some other problems (such as hydrocephalus and subdural hematomas). MRI scans use magnetic fares and focalizationed radio waves to note hydrogen atoms in tissues within the body. They can come up the same problems as CT scans barely they are go bad for identifying reliable conditions, such as brain atrophy and damage from small TIAs. •Electroencephalograms (EEGs)\r\nElectroencephalograms (EEGs) are other tool to assist in inspecting people with suspected dementia. In an EEG, elect rodes are placed on the scalp over several parts of the brain in order to detect and record patterns of electrical drill and to check for abnormalities. This electrical occupation can luff cognitive dysfunction in part or all of the brain. many another(prenominal) patients with moderately dread(a) to severe Alzheimers disease moderate abnormal EEGs. An EEG whitethorn also be used to detect seizures, which occur in just nigh(predicate) 10 percent of people with Alzheimers disease. It can also benefactor list Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. • some other Brain Scan Tests\r\nSeveral other types of brain scans countenance lookers to watch the brain as it functions. These scans, called expedient brain imaging, are not often used as diagnostic tools, but they are important in look into and they whitethorn ultimately sustain identify people with dementia earlier than is in the beginning long possible. Types of functional brain scans include: ?Functional MRI (fMRI): I t uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to measure the metabolic changes that take place in active parts of the brain. ?Single photon-expelling computed tomography (SPECT): It shows the dissemination of blood in the brain, which generally increases with brain activeness. antielectron emission tomography (PET): This scans can detect changes in glucose metabolism, oxygen metabolism, and blood flow, all of which can fall upon abnormalities of brain function. ?Magneto encephalography (MEG): This can show the electromagnetic fields produced by the brains neuronal activity. •Laboratory Tests for Dementia Doctors whitethorn use a configuration of lab tests to aid diagnose dementia or rule out other conditions, such as kidney failure, which can contribute to symptoms. A partial list of these tests includes: ?A realised blood count (CBC) Blood glucose test, which measures profit levels in the blood ? Urinalysis ?Drug and alcohol tests (toxicology screen) ?Cerebrospinal anaesthesia fluid analysis (to rule out specific infections that can affect the brain) ? Analysis of thyroid and thyroid-stimulating endocrine gland levels. ?A doctor leave behind order only the tests that he or she whole tones are necessary to im record the accuracy of a diagnosis. •Psychiatric military rating The health fill off postr may recommend a psychiatric evaluation to determine if depression or another psychiatric disorder may be ca use or contributing to a someones symptoms. Pre-Symptomatic testing In most cases, testing people in front symptoms begin in order to determine if they testament develop dementia is not possible. However, in cases involving disorders such as Huntingtons where a known gene fracture is unloadly linked to the risk of the disease, a contractable test can second identify people who are likely to develop the disease. Since this type of inherited learning can be devastating, people should anxietyfully consider whether they want to undergo such testing. 2. 5Treatment\r\nFor about 10 percent of conditions that cause dementia, treatment is useable that can encourage reverse or at least inert down its onward motion. approximately examples of these treatable causes of dementia include: •A brain tumor •Normal pressure hydrocephalus •Hypothyroidism. For most cases, treatment does not exist to reverse or bank check the diseases progression; however, this does not mean that nothing should be done. peck with dementia can benefit to some effect from such things as medications and cognitive fosterage. There are also options for the family to help them cope. 2. 6Risk Factors\r\nScientists stimulate engraft a number of risk factors for dementia that affect the likelihood of developing one or more kinds of dementia. objet dart these are not causes of dementia, they may increase a souls chances of developing the symptoms referred to collectively as dementia. Some dementia risk factors can be treated or controlled and some cannot Some of these risk factors for dementia are modifiable, maculation others are not.. Also, certain risk factors are more likely to increase the risk for certain types of dementia. For example, the risk of vascular dementia is strongly fit with risk factors for stroke.\r\nFinally, the more dementia risk factors you expect, the great your chances of having dementia. An example of risk factors for dementia that you cannot change involves acquire older (the risk of dementia tends to increase with age). some other dementia risk factors you cannot control include having: • fester •A family history of dementia •Down syndrome • lowly cognitive impairment •History of a stroke. Dementia risk factors that you can control include: • high blood pressure •hyper cholesterolemia •Diabetes •Atherosclerosis •Smoking •Heavy alcohol use. •Homocysteine levels in the blood.\r\nThere are als o things that can be controlled that increase your risk for developing diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other conditions that may increase your risk of developing dementia. These include: •Being overweight or obese • privation of physical activity •Unhealthy diet. ? years Age is the utmost risk aspect for dementia. Dementia enchants one in 14 people over the age of 65 and one in six over the age of 80. However, Alzheimers is not limited to aged people: in the UK, there are 15,000 people under the age of 65 with dementia, although this figure is likely to be an underrated. ?Genetic inheritance\r\nSeveral people dismay that they may become heir to Alzheimers disease, and scientists are forthwith exploring the hereditary emphasise to Alzheimers. In most of the cases, the effect of inheritance appears to be minute. If a parent or other family member has Alzheimers disease, probability of developing the disease is only a slight elevated than if there were no cases of Alzheimers in the direct family. ?Environmental factors The ecologic factors that may add to the onset of Alzheimers disease view as yet to be discovered. Not many years ago, there were concerns that revelation to aluminum might cause Alzheimers disease.\r\nnevertheless, these fears have largely been discounted. ? other(a) factors Because of the dissimilarity in their chromosomal structure, people with Downs disorder who live into their 50s and 60s may develop Alzheimers disease. people who have had stern skull or whiplash wounds also come out to be at increased risk of developing dementia. knickers who get frequent blows to the head are at risk too. Study has also revealed that people who smoke, and those who have elevated blood pressure or sky-scraping cholesterol levels, augment their risk of developing Alzheimers. 2. 7 veneration of people with dementia\r\n spate with moderate and move on dementia typically pack round-the-clock circumspection and supervision to prevent t hem from harming themselves or others. They may also need assistance with daily activities such as eating, bathing, and salad dressing. Meeting these inevitably requires patience, understanding, and careful thought from the individuals care checkrs. For people voluminous with dementia care, there are some important things to consider. These include such things as: • qualification the home safe •Helping to reduce stressors •Providing mental stimulation. Good dementia care alship canal involves the issue of driving.\r\nOne of the hardest things to do is to take away a persons independence that comes with driving. However, for a number of reasons that we pull up stakes beg off later, people with dementia should not drive. 2. 7. 1Dementia Care and the photographic plate A typical home environment can fork out many dangers and obstacles to people with dementia, but simplistic changes can overcome many of these problems. For example, sharp knives, dangerous che micals, tools, and other hazards should be removed or locked away. Other safety precautions include: •Installing bed and behind safety rails •Removing locks from bedroom and bathroom doors punishing the hot water temperature to 120°F (48. 9°C) or less to reduce the risk of accidental scalding. People with dementia should also deport some form of identification at all times in case they wander away or become lost. Caregivers can help prevent unattended wandering by adding locks or alarms to outside doors. 2. 7. 2simplification Stressors People with dementia often develop behavioral problems because of foiling with specific state of affairss. Understanding and modifying or preventing the situations that trigger these behaviors may help to make life-time more enjoyable for the person with dementia as well as his or her caregivers.\r\nFor instance, the person may be baffled or frustrated by the level of activity or noise in the surrounding environment. Reducin g unnecessary activity and noise (such as by limiting the number of visitors and turning off the video recording when its not in use) may make it easier for the person to understand requests and perform simple tasks. Caregivers may also reduce confusion in people with dementia by: •Simplifying home decorations •Removing clutter •Keeping beaten(prenominal) objects nearby •Following a predictable number by means ofout the day. Calendars and clocks also may help patients orient themselves. . 7. 3Mental Stimulation as Part of Dementia Care Caregivers should encourage people with dementia to fall out their normal leisure activities as long as they are safe and do not cause frustration. Activities such as crafts, games, and music can turn in important mental stimulation and better mood. Some studies have suggested that participating in exercise and intellectually stimulating activities may slow the decline of cognitive function in some people. 2. 7. 4Is Driv ing well(p)? Many studies have found that driving is unprotected for people with dementia.\r\nThey often get lost and they may have problems remembering or following the rules of the road. They may also have difficulty processing training quickly and dealing with unexpected circumstances. Even a second of confusion while driving can lead to an accident. Driving with impaired cognitive functions can also endanger others. Some experts have suggested that regular check for changes in cognition might help to reduce the number of driving accidents among elderly people, and some states now require that doctors report people with Alzheimers disease to their state motor vehicle part.\r\nHowever, in many cases, it is up to the persons family and friends to ensure that the person does not drive. 2. 7. 5How the topical anaesthetic authority assesses need Local authority social work subdivisions are the main providers of care and prolong work. If a person with dementia or their carer is in need of agree, they should contact the local social run department to explain. The department lead then carry out an assessment of the persons needs and identify what run would be abstract to meet those needs.\r\nThis is known as a union care assessment If the department assesses a person as being in need of certain go, it has a duty to provide the function that fall within their eligibility criteria (locally set rules on what type of needs the local authority will meet). The person may have to contribute towards the salute of these services. Local authorities can provide services at one time themselves, or may make arrangements for insular or voluntary-sector organizations to provide care on their behalf. work ary from area to area, but range from those that allow mortal to remain independent in their own home (such as meals on wheels, day care, equipment and home adaptations) to residential care. The views and chooseences of the person receiving the service shou ld always be interpreted into invoice. 2. 7. 6Care plans If, after assessing the persons care needs, the social services department agrees that certain services should be provided, it will give the person a written care plan outlining these services. This applies whether the person lives at home or in a care home.\r\nCare plans should be reviewed on a regular basis and as needs change. If a review has not been carried out recently, or if one may be necessary, the person or their carer should contact social services and ask for a review. In addition, care homes essential provide an individual care plan for each resident. This must be regularly reviewed to take account of changing needs. 2. 7. 7Thinking through the options Once the social services department has confirmed what services the person is qualified to receive, the person and their carer can begin to think through the options.\r\nEven if the assessment concludes that the persons needs are not yet urgent enough to receive help from social services, or if some services are not available under the local authoritys eligibility criteria, an assessment will give everyone clearer info about the situation and the kinds of help available from other openings. The person or their family or carer could arrange services themselves, or through a voluntary organization or mystic agency. A key decision is whether the person can remain in their own home, or whether they would prefer to move into sheltered housing or a care home.\r\nIf they stay in their own home, there are many additional fend options available. It is also important to consider the financial implications of the options available. Social services should be able to give an idea of how much the person will have to pay towards the be of the various services that are arranged through them. Services provided by the NHS, such as society nursing, are free. Anyone who is arranging services themselves, whether through a voluntary organisation or a cloa k-and-dagger agency, will need to make their own enquiries. It is important not to rush into a decision.\r\nIt might help to also talk to friends and relatives, other carers and your local Alzheimers friendship branch. Local voluntary organisations are a source of further information, advice and practical help. Below is some counsel about what to consider when you are thinking about the kind of care the person in heading needs. 2. 7. 8Understanding and respecting the person with dementia Its very important that people with dementia are treated with respect. It is important to remember that a person with dementia is still a uncommon and valuable human being, despite their illness.\r\nIf you can understand what the person is going through, it might be easier for you to realise why they behave in certain ways. When a person with dementia puzzles that their mental abilities are declining, they often observe vulnerable and in need of reassurance and support. The people closest to t hem †including their carers, health and social care professionals, friends and family †need to do everything they can to help the person to retain their backbone of identity and stepings of self-worth. 2. 7. 9Helping the person feel valued\r\nThe person with dementia needs to feel respected and valued for who they are now, as well as for who they were in the past. There are many things that the people around them can do to help, including: • laborious to be flexible and tolerant • reservation time to listen, have regular chats, and enjoy being with the person •showing affection in a way they both feel comfortable with •finding things to do together. Our sense of who we are is closely connected to the names we call ourselves. Its important that people continue the person with dementia in a way that the person recognises and prefers. Some people may be talented for anybody to call them by their first name or nickname. •Others may prefer you nger people, or those who do not know them very well, to address them officially and to use courtesy titles, such as Mr or Mrs. bother sure you explain the persons cultural or apparitional background, and any rules and customs, to anyone from a different background so that they can behave accordingly. These may include: •respectful forms of address •what they can eat •religious observances, such as prayer and festivals particular article of clothing or jewellery that the person (or those in their presence) should or should not wear •any forms of touch or gestures that are considered disrespectful •ways of undressing •ways of dressing the hair •how the person washes or uses the toilet. Many people with dementia have a fragile sense of self-worth; its especially important that people continue to treat them with courtesy, however advanced their dementia. •Be kind and quiet to the person youre compassionate for without talking down t o them. •Never talk over their head as if they are not there †especially if youre talking about them.\r\nInclude them in conversations. •Avoid scolding or criticising them †this will make them feel small. •Look for the gist behind their words, even if they dont seem to be making much sense. Whatever the detail of what they are saying, the person is usually assay to communicate how they feel. • breeding to believe how you would like to be spoken to if you were in their position. • shew to make sure that the persons right to privacy is respected. • signify to other people that they should always knock on the persons bedroom door before entering. If the person needs help with intimate personal activities, such as washing or using the toilet, do this sensitively and make sure the door is kept closed in(p) if other people are around. •Everyone involved †including the persons friends, family members, carers, and the person with dementia themselves †reacts to the experience of dementia in their own way. Dementia means different things to different people. There are lots of things you can do to help the person with dementia feel good about themselves. This factsheet offers some suggestions.\r\nWhen you spend time with someone with dementia, it is important to take account of their abilities, interests and preferences. These may change as the dementia progresses. Its not always easy, but try to respond flexibly and sensitively. Dementia affects peoples thinking, reasoning and memory, but the persons feelings remain intact. A person with dementia will probably be sad or upset at times. In the earlier stages, the person may want to talk about their anxieties and the problems they are experiencing. •Try to understand how the person feels. Make time to offer them support, rather than ignoring them or ‘jollying them along. •Dont brush their worries aside, however plaguy they may be, or how ever insignificant they may seem. Listen, and show the person that you are there for them. •Make sure that, whenever possible, you inform and consult the person about matters that concern them. Give them every opportunity to make their own choices. •Always explain what you are doing and why. You may be able to judge the persons reaction from their cheek and body language. •People with dementia can find choice confusing, so keep it simple.\r\nPhrase questions so that they only need a ‘yes or ‘no answer, such as ‘Would you like to wear your blue jump shot today? ‘ rather than ‘Which jumper would you like to wear today? ‘ •Avoid situations in which the person is frame to fail, as this can be humiliating. Look for tasks that they can still manage and activities they enjoy. ive plenty of encouragement. Let them do things at their own pace and in their own way. •Do things with the person, rather than for them, to help the m retain their independence. • belch activities down into small steps so that they feel a sense of achievement, even if they can only manage part of a task. Our self-respect is often bound up with the way we look. Encourage the person to take pride in their appearance, and compliment them on how they look. Make sure that anyone involved in caring for the person has as much background information as possible, as well as information about their present situation. This will help them see the person theyre caring for as a whole person rather than simply ‘someone with dementia. It may also help them to feel more positive(p) about finding conversation topics or suggesting activities that the person may enjoy. 2. 8How effective is heath care oversight?\r\nHealth care management involves several techniques to render the needs of the patient. It should be kept in mind that patient is not responsible for the disease and thence should not be ignored or avoided. With the public ity in technology, different techniques can be used to look after the suffer of this disorder. However, these techniques and ways could only help the victim survive a bit since. Those kinds of dementia which are treatable and such patients have a different perspective and outlook of life as compared to those who are the victims of the untreatable ones.\r\nSo the care also varies with these two kinds of patients. Effectiveness of the present day health care management system is satisfactory but as said earlier it cannot bring back the life of the victim, however could let him or her survive for few more days with a happy face. 3. aberration IN UK Following statistics give a clear cut idea about the ratio and harmonize of dementia patients in UK: •There are currently 700,000 people with dementia in the UK. •There are currently 15,000 younger people with dementia in the UK. •There are over 11,500 people with dementia from black and minority ethnic groups in the UK. There will be over a one thousand thousand people with dementia by 2025. • devil thirds of people with dementia are women. •The proportion of people with dementia doubles for every 5 year age group. •One third of people over 95 have dementia. •60,000 wipeouts a year are directly attributable to dementia. •Delaying the onset of dementia by 5 years would reduce deaths directly attributable to dementia by 30,000 a year. •The financial cost of dementia to the UK is over ? 17 million a year. •Family carers of people with dementia save the UK over ? 6 billion a year. •64% of people living in care homes have a form of dementia. Two thirds of people with dementia live in the community while one third live in a care home. 4. LIVING WITH DEMENTIA People with dementia have become increasely involved in the work of the Alzheimers familiarity since 2000. Through a national programme called ‘ vivacious with Dementia, people with dementia ha ve been sharing their experiences and knowledge, and raising awareness of dementia at local and national levels. This contribution is crucial to ensure that the Alzheimers companionship develops appropriate information and support for people with dementia. It ensures that people with dementia can put to work the work that the Society carries ut on their behalf. On a national level the Living with Dementia programme consults with people with dementia in support of the Alzheimers Societys work of influencing government policy. •People with dementia in action People with dementia are involved in the Alzheimers Society in a variety of ways: ? Giving presentations and raising public awareness. ?Organising the unique UK wide convention of people with dementia. ?Lobbying MPs and commenting on government legislation. ?Being interviewed by national press and television. ?Recruiting and inducting new staff at the Alzheimers Society. ?Helping to make the website easier to use. Developi ng information for other people with dementia and their families. ?Participating in the national consultative body, the Living with Dementia running(a) group. These are just a few examples. There are many opportunities in the Living with Dementia programme •Living with Dementia Programme Various initiatives in the Alzheimers Society have focused on ways of supporting people living with dementia. Many started as two year pilots in 2001 and 2002, but are now naturalised as a core part of the Alzheimers Society activity. Examples of current initiatives are listed below: •West Kent figurer project\r\nStarted in 2001. It supports people with dementia using computer equipment, to find new ways of communicating, act interests and have fun. •Living with Dementia presentation skills training For people with dementia. Everyone affected by dementia has their own unique story to tell. Personal experiences and views are a powerful way of raising awareness about dementia, mak ing issues come alive. Training people with dementia to share their experience on TV, press and at meetings, helps to reduce the misunderstanding that surrounds dementia and offers hope to people facing the same situation.\r\nProviding key skills enables people to undertake publicity work with confidence. •Helpcard for people with dementia authentic in 2007 by people with dementia and piloted by people with dementia. The helpcard enables people with dementia to feel confident, not alone and able to ask for help at anytime. It is very useful in emergency situations, and is an effective colloquy tool that informs others of a persons circumstances. There are three different designs, with three different options for describing particular situations. •National conference for people with dementia\r\nThe Alzheimers Society has hosted three conferences for people with dementia in London, Newcastle and Birmingham (Thompson, Nanni & Schwankovsky, 1990). The last mentioned two involved members from the Living with Dementia Working group and the Scottish Dementia Working Group, making them the only UK wide events for people with dementia. In Newcastle the ‘ modify Our Lives feedback included: ?Get out and enjoy life ?Laugh! Confidence ?Remaining the same person after diagnosis ?Open positive communication ? discourse up †have your voice listened to ?Speak to your MP Being denied treatment †medication because of a ‘cost cutting exercise †its a disgrace ? frame up an email group ?Done more since having dementia †living my life to the full 5. RESEARCHES Currently, scientists are conducting research on many different aspects of dementia. This research promises to improve the lives of people affected by such symptoms and may eventually lead to ways of preventing or curing the disorders that result in dementia. Some areas of focus for dementia research include: •Causes and prevention •Diagnosis •Treatment. R esearching the Causes and Prevention of Dementia\r\nResearch on the causes of Alzheimers disease (and other disorders that are causes of dementia) includes studies of: •Genetic factors •Neurotransmitters •Inflammation •Factors that influence programmed cell death in the brain •The roles of tau, beta coarse-grained, and the associated neurofibrillary tangles and plaques in Alzheimers disease. Some other dementia research scientists are trying to determine the possible roles of cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress (chemical reactions that can damage proteins, DNA, and lipids inside cells), and microglia in the development of Alzheimers disease.\r\nCurrent research on dementia prevention and causes includes the following: •Research to better understand the role of aging-related proteins (such as the enzyme telomerase) in the development of dementia. •Studies of abnormal clumps of proteins in cells. Researchers are trying to learn how abnor mal clumps of protein in cells develop, how they affect cells, and how the clumping can be prevented. •Studies that examine whether changes in white matter — nerve fibers lined with myelin — may play a role in the onset of Alzheimers disease.\r\nMyelin may erode in Alzheimers disease patients before other changes occur. This may be due to a problem with oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce myelin. •Work being done by scientists to search for additional genes that may contribute to Alzheimers disease. These researchers have identified a number of gene regions that may be involved in the development of Alzheimers. Some researchers suggest that people will eventually be screened for a number of genes that contribute to Alzheimers disease and that they will be able to receive treatments that specifically address their individual genetic risks.\r\nHowever, such individualized screening and treatment is still years away. •Studies on insulin guard. Insuli n resistance is common in people with Alzheimers disease, but it is not clear whether the insulin resistance contributes to the development of the disease or if it is merely a side effect. •Several dementia research studies have found a rock-bottom risk of dementia in people who take cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins. However, it is not yet clear if the apparent effect is due to the drugs or to other factors.\r\nTherefore, more research is being currently being done be better understand this possible relationship between statins and dementia. • A 2003 dementia research study found that people with HIV-associated dementia have different levels of activity for more than 30 different proteins, compared to people who have HIV but no signs of dementia. The study suggests a possible way to screen HIV patients for the first signs of cognitive impairment, and it may lead to ways of interfere to prevent this form of dementia. Research in this area continues. Research In volving Diagnosis of Alzheimers Disease Improving early diagnosis of Alzheimers disease and other disorders that may cause dementia is important not only for patients and families, but also for researchers who seek to better understand the causes of dementia and find ways to reverse or halt them at early stages. Improved diagnosis can also reduce the risk that people will receive inappropriate treatments. •In some research, scientists are investigating whether three-dimensional computer models of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify brain changes typical of early Alzheimers disease, before any symptoms appear.\r\nThis research may lead to ways of preventing the symptoms of Alzheimers disease. •One study found that levels of beta amyloidal and tau in spinal fluid could be used to diagnose Alzheimers disease with an accuracy of 92 percent. If other studies confirm the validity of this test, it may allow doctors to identify p eople who are beginning to develop the disorder before they start to show dementia symptoms. •This would allow treatment at very early stages of the disorder, and may help in testing new treatments to prevent or delay symptoms of the disease.\r\nOther researchers have identified factors in the struggle and blood of Alzheimers disease patients that are different from those in healthy people. They are trying to determine if these factors can be used to diagnose the disease. Treatment Research •Researchers are continually working to develop new drugs for Alzheimers disease and other causes of dementia. Many researchers believe a vaccinum that reduces the number of amyloid plaques in the brain might ultimately prove to be the most effective treatment for Alzheimers disease. In 2001, researchers began one clinical trial of a vaccine called AN-1792. The research study was halted after a number of people developed inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. •Despite thes e problems, one patient appeared to have reduced numbers of amyloid plaques in the brain. Other patients showed microscopic or no cognitive decline during the course of the study, suggesting that the vaccine may slow or halt the disease. Researchers are now trying to find safer and more effective vaccines for Alzheimers disease. Researchers are also investigating possible methods of gene therapy for Alzheimers disease. In one case, researchers used cells genetically engineered to produce nerve growth factor and transplanted them into monkeys forebrains. The transplanted cells boosted the mensuration of nerve growth factors in the brain and seemed to prevent degeneration of acetylcholine-producing neurons in the animals. •This suggests that gene therapy might help to reduce or delay symptoms of the disease. Researchers are now testing a similar therapy in a small number of patients. Other researchers have experimented with gene therapy that adds a gene called neprilysin in a creep model that produces human beta amyloid. They found that increasing the level of neprilysin greatly reduced the amount of beta amyloid in the mice and halted the amyloid-related brain degeneration. They are now trying to determine whether neprilysin gene therapy can improve cognition in mice. •Since many studies have found evidence of brain inflammation in people with Alzheimers disease, some researchers have proposed that drugs that control inflammation, such as NSAIDs, might prevent the disease or slow its progression.\r\nStudies in mice have suggested that these drugs can limit proceeds of amyloid plaques in the brain. Early studies of these drugs in creation have shown promising results. •However, a large NIH-funded clinical trial of two NSAIDs (naproxen and celecoxib) to prevent Alzheimers disease was halt in late 2004 because of an increase in stroke and heart attack in people taking naproxen (Aleve®, Naprosyn®, Anaprox®, Naprelan®), and an unr elated study that linked celecoxib (Celebrex®) to an increased risk of heart attack. Some research studies on dementia have suggested that two drugs, pentoxifylline and propentofylline, may be useful in treating vascular dementia. Pentoxifylline improves blood flow, while propentofylline appears to interfere with some of the processes that cause cell death in the brain. •One research study is testing the safety and effectiveness of donepezil (Aricept®) for treating mild dementia in patients with Parkinsons dementia, while another is investigating whether skin patches with the drug selegiline can improve mental function in patients with cognitive problems related to HIV. . CONCLUSION An appropriate cost effective workup of dementia includes a complete history, a complete physical examination (including a neuropsychiatric evaluation), a CBC, blood glucose, blood serum electrolytes, serum calcium, serum creatinine, and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (Whitlatch, Feinberg & Tucke, 2005). Other tests should be done only if there is a specific indication for e. g. vitamin B12 and folate if macrocytosis is present (Wilkinson & Lennox, 2005).\r\nA CT or MRI should be considered if the onset of dementia is before the age of 65 years, symptoms have occurred for less than 2 years, there is evidence of focal or asymmetrical neurological deficits, the clinical picture indicates normal pressure hydrocephalus, or there is a recent history of fall or other head trauma. If a patient has a history of cancer or is on anticoagulation therapy, then neuro imaging should also be considered. Thus to conclude, it is satisfactory to say that dementia, though a dangerous disorder, having not much cures, can be prevented by undergoing certain precautionary measures as illustrated above.\r\n'

'Compare and contrast plato and decsartes Essay\r'

'Descartes and Plato ar two of the more or less influential thinkers within philosophical system. The simile of the counteract and self-opinionated uncertainty are also two of the or so famous concepts within ism. Plato at the time of musical composition the sabotage allegory was trying to resist the increment influence of the Sophist philosophers who forwarditised semantics and rhetoric over truth. 1 Descartes by introducing thorough scepticism to philosophy was contend traditional scholastic philosophy which had dominated the philosophy for m all centuries. While both pieces of writing are separated by different ages of time and space, they comp wholenessnt many similarities as well as primordial differences.\r\nThis essay go forth attempt to compare and bloodline these two bodies of work by primaryly explaining what is Descartes’ taxonomical doubt and Plato’s Allegory of the cave forrader finally examining the similarities and differences bet ween them in the final carve up of analysis. Descartes in his first meditation introduces the concept of base of operations doubt which similarly lines suspicion on the senses and the port of things. This involves stripping away all one’s beliefs and preconceived notions in order to find the foundational fundamental principle of knowledge in which all sciences could then grow2.\r\nDescartes begins his first meditation by kinding doubt on all his beliefs, if a belief ass be even slightly doubted it must be discarded. He wants to ‘reject as absolutely false anything in which I could imagine the least amount of doubt3’ this is called radical scepticism where all beliefs must be challenged. by dint of and by means of this experiment Descartes conceded that the physical senses are not to be trusted as they rescue deceived him before, this is known as stunning deception and this revelation forces him to doubt any beliefs about the external ground and knowl edge that is arrive at by the five senses.\r\nHis examination also reveals that dreams states arouse be difficult to distinguish between argus-eyed life, this has happened before where he thought he was in bed but wasn’t. Henceforth one endnot sincerely know if they are awake observing naive veridicalism or asleep enjoying a dream, this is known as the dream shot. Descartes also uncovers the atrocious demon dead reckoning whereby all external reality observed whitethorn be just an illusion that is perpetrated by an vicious demon seeking to deceive him, also there is the problem that all previous memories about oneself could exactly just be imagination and not grounded in any reality.\r\nThe system of radical doubt leads Descartes into murky territory where he cannot consider in the instauration of anything at 1 JULIAS, ANNAS: INTRODUCTION TO PLATO’S land(NEW YORK, 1998)P. 252 2 JOHN, COTTINGHAM, DESCARTES: THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND(LONDON, 1997) P. 21 3 JO HN CORRINGHAM, DESCARTES: MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY (NEW YORK, 2013) P. 33 all. This thankfully is changed when he discovers the cogito’ I think therefore I am’, his beginning point which saves him from uncertainty, allowing him to prove that he exists.\r\nIn Plato’s allegory of the cave, there are prisoners who are locked up within the depths of a cave. All daytime long, they are situated in front of a wall and behind them is a fire which hypothesizes vestiges on the wall. Unbeknownst to the prisoners, there are puppeteers who use the firelight to reflect shadows of their puppets upon the wall magic spell making noises ‘the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows’4. The prisoners are incognizant of this illusion and mistakenly believe these shadows are real images.\r\nOne day, a prisoner is released from his chains and allowed to take the air freely about the cave. Although it is confusing for him to see the puppets and fire, h e is forced to accept this clearer version of reality and ultimately ascents through the cave, spending a day and wickedness under the sun and the stars. As he becomes familiar with the world above, he realises the sun is the giver of light, how it casts shadows and how his prior life in the cave was an entire illusion.\r\nThis new enlightenment Plato remarks will prevent him from ever move to the life in cave, nor will his old hustles believe him if he tried to free him, instead ‘they would depute him to death5’ This consciousnessual awakening will cause the inmate to grasp the idea of good, the interminable form which will urge him to act ‘rationally in familiar or private life6’. Ultimately Plato suggests the inmate should collapse to his old friends and seek to stand by them.\r\nThe cave semblance is refer with the human condition and its’ lack of enlightenment7, for Plato the prisoners confront ordinary citizens who hold false belie fs (shadows), reality is fit(p) to them by their senses ( appearance of things) allowing them to be easily manipulated8.\r\nIgnorance is then symbolised by darkness and the intellect and reason is symbolised by the light. The jaunt of the inmate from darkness to light is a fiction for education which allows one to progress from the ignorance in the depths of the cave to the intellectual plains of the enlightened one in the distant world. The outer world symbolises true knowledge, the realisation of eternal forms while the cave a hold illustrates the world of appearance and false beliefs, Woozley writes ‘most men without knowing it prevail in this shadow world’9 4 PLATO. ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE. P. 74 5 IBID. P. 75 6 IBID. P. 75.\r\n7 ANTHONY, WOOZLEY: PLATO’S country: A PHILOSOPHICAL COMMENTARY(LONDON, 1989)P206 8 JULIAS, ANNAS: INTRODUCTION TO PLATO’S REPUBLIC(NEW YORK, 1998)P254 The cave analogy and Descartes systematic doubt have much in common. Both are concerned with the illusory character of the senses and external reality, for Plato quite a little place too much emphasis on the senses, on the appearance of things as illustrated in by the shadows on the wall, this leads them to hold false beliefs and to be easily misled, solely by entering the realm of thought can people free themselves by gaining knowledge and fair enlightened.\r\nDescartes through the systematic doubt also maintains that external reality cannot be truly known; the sensory deception and evil demon hypothesis cast doubt on the authenticity of the outside world. therefore the evil demon hypothesis is an almost same scenario to that of the prisoners whose sensory perception is distorted by the shadow wielding puppeteers.\r\nOnly through the listen or intellect can an individual belabor the illusory nature of the senses, it allows the prisoner to access the outside world to gain enlightenment and help his fellow inmates while for Descartes the mind by way of the cogito is the one thing that cannot be doubted which through it allows him prove the existence of the outside world in his later meditations.\r\nThe cave is an analogy which illustrates how people can possess false consciousness and how through reason and knowledge one can overcome this while systematic doubt is an instruction on how to discard false beliefs, the ascent through the cave into the intellectual world is the finishing point for Plato while the cogito for Descartes is a starting point for advertise investigation. The two authors also differ on the type of philosophy employed in their argument.\r\nPlato insists that after the ascent , the prisoner will experience the idea of the good ‘ the passkey of light in the visible world, and the immediate mention of reason and truth in the intellectual’10 the good then is the highest point of knowledge and represents Plato’s philosophy of perfect types or forms known as idealism, Descartes through high lighting the sensory, dream and demon hypothesis illustrates how the external world cannot be relied upon as a basis for true knowledge, but the cogito is a starting point, the attempt to find secure beliefs that allow a foundation for further knowledge to be be upon is known as Foundationalism which is credited to Descartes.\r\nIn conclusion, both Descartes and Plato in their attempts to challenge the prevailing doctrine of their individual times introduced two of the most influential concepts in the world of Philosophy. Descartes through his examination of systematic doubt uncovers the limitations of the physical senses in acquiring knowledge and introduces further challenges to understanding external reality with the dream, memory and evil demon hypothesis. Only 9 ANTHONY, WOOZLEY: PLATO’S REPUBLIC: A PHILOSOPHICAL COMMENTARY(LONDON, 1989)P. 223 10 PLATO.\r\nALLEGORY OF THE CAVE. P. 77 through the mind alone can one grasp the nature of reality starting with the cogito. as well as Plato is concerned with the appearance of things, how the senses can deceive us and humanity like the inmates in the cave can live in a state of ignorance or darkness if they don’t use the origin of the mind to acquire knowledge and reason. Only through using the intellect can humanity gather true knowledge and escape the darkness in the cave. For both the intellect is the only means for fabrication true knowledge, the senses are illusory.\r\nDescartes systematic doubt and cogito submit the foundational starting point for the sciences while the cave allegory offers advocates a way of life for humanity to affect the world of ignorance and seek true knowledge so that those who acquire it will return to the cave and help their fellow man. Works Cited: Annas, Julias. An Introduction to Plato’s’ Republic. mod York: Oxford University Press Cottingham, John. Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy. New York:\r\nCambridge University Press, 2013 Cottin gham, John. Ed. actinotherapy Monk. Descartes’ Philosophy of Mind. London: Phoenix Publishers, 1997 Plato. The Allegory of the cave. workweek 5 Handout Woozley, Anthony. Plato’s Republic: A philosophical commentary. London: MacMillan Publishers, 1989.\r\n'

'Controlling Organized Crime Essay\r'

'Combating organize offence finish be an intricate task. Various truths survive in the fight against nonionic offensive, and more or less sustain been successful in prosecuting several atoms of unionised umbrage mathematical groups. However, without the refinement of such rectitudes, organised horror groups forget just find ways to get slightly such rightfulnesss. Law enforcement efforts to beset organise umbrage stop run into limitations as far as what law enforcement can and can non do. Laws need to be changed to repress such limitations. Without the changing of such laws, law enforcement efforts to competitiveness organized crime depart be close wasted. unionized crime has be grapple a development problem over the last several years. organise crime can exist in every community and strikes fear into the individuals which live in the communities in which an organized crime group has set up base. An organized crime group will come into a community where th e government is weak, or closely non-existent. Setting up base in these types of communities makes it easier for the organized crime group to perform their il effective activities.\r\n organized crime groups nominate their hands in m all contraband activities meant to make m atomic number 53y. Illegal activities such as loan sharking, prostitution, illegal gambling, drug trafficking and human trafficking argon just nigh examples of the activities organized crime groups ar involved in. The problem with stopping these activities is that in that location can be a great number of stack from one group committing these crimes, and getting to the â€Å"big fish” is just about impossible. Even if the small players atomic number 18 interpreted out of the game, those people likely will not tell who they are working for, making it almost impossible to take bring the entire group. With organized crime reaching across state and inelegant boundaries, combating organized crime ca n run into legal limitations. Each state’s and country’s territorial requirements are going to vary. Different jurisdictional requirements make it almost impossible for law enforcement from one jurisdiction to apprehend shepherds crooks in an separate jurisdiction. Organized crime groups are aware of these problems with jurisdictions and will character this knowledge to their advantage when committing criminal acts (Limbaugh, 2010).\r\nA major(ip) national law mean to combat the ontogeny problem of organized crime is the 1965 /1967 Mafia-membership (law proposed by Senator tail McClellan) Senate Bill 2187, 89th Congress, Senate Bill 678, 90th Congress. This law states that any person who knowingly and willfully becomes, or trunk a member of the mafia, or any early(a) organized crime group, in which the group operates illegal activities such as gambling, extortion, blackmail, narcotics, prostitution, or labor deal, and the member has previous knowledge of such activities committed by the organized crime group, is subject to a punishment of no less than five years save no more than 20 years in prison and fines up to $20,000.00 (â€Å"Organized Crime And federal Legislation”, n.d.). This particular piece of legislation appears that it would be very effective in combating organized crime. fetching out the small players in an organized crime group could lead law enforcement to the top of the chain-of-command, thereof effectively taking down the group as a whole. Another federal law intended to combat organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and screw up Organizations (RICO) regulation.\r\nThe RICO Statute provides penalties for persons involved in racketeering activities. Racketeering includes criminal acts committed such as any act or threat involving murder, kidnapping, gambling, arson, robbery, bribery, extortion, transaction in an obscene manner, or dealing in a controlled substance. I think this law would withal be very effective in combating organized crime as organized crime groups are likely to be involved in some form of racketeering. Having laws such as the RICO Statute can bring down an entire organized crime group, as each member will likely be involved in some form of racketeering. Laws such as this one may not completely stop an organized crime group from committing such criminal acts, but this law may make an organized crime group think twice about committing such criminal acts.\r\nThe continual refining of such laws intended to combat organized crime would create better efforts for the law enforcement fight against organized crime. As times change, organized crime groups are becoming smarter, and using immature technology in the commission of criminal acts. in operation(p) an online store to sell counterfeit clothing afield would be one such example of drug abuse of new technology. Laws need to be refined to obtain up with the changing criminal world.\r\nLaws written prior to the introduction of the internet did not take into notice the changes that would come over time, so such laws have to be re-written to accommodate technology such as the internet. The fight against organized crime will be a never-ending effort. As long as there is public demand for prostitution, illegal drugs, and other services provided by organized crime groups, there will be organized crime. Taking down organized crime groups will have to be a joint effort amongst all law enforcement agencies, federal and state. By combining resources of state and federal law enforcement, a better handle can be gotten on the fight against organized crime.\r\nReferences\r\nLimbaugh, S. (2010). haughty Organized Crime. Retrieved from\r\nhttp://voices.yahoo.com/controlling-organized-crime-6835298.html Organized Crime and Federal Legislation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.organized-\r\ncrime.de/OCLAWS.htm\r\n'