Foreign Exchange of Ibbl

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART †¢ Introduction †¢ Origin of the Report †¢ Scope of the Study †¢ Objective of the study †¢ Methodology †¢ Limitation of the study CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART 1. 1 Introduction: Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the World. The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the sunnah. Naturally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam.The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983, . It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities based on interest free and profit-loss sharing system. In doing so, it has unveiled anew horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished drems of the pe ople of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with prescribed by Islam.With the active co-operation and participation of Islam Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic bank , financial institutions ,government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries , Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) has by now earned the unique position of a leading private commercial Bank in Bangladesh. 1 2 1. 2 Origin of the Report: Compliant with the rule of the BBA Program, it is mandatory for a student to intern in an organization, in order to be acquainted with the real practices.Banking business in today’s world is going rapidly. Bank deals with diversified work. Here, many things have to learn quickly which later helps to build career decision. So, I had selected Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited for the internship. The topic of my study is â€Å"Different Modes of Investment of IBBL on Mirpur Branch† 3 4 1. 3 Scope of the Study: BBA course curriculum necessitates for knowing the banking system of any bank. No economic standard can run without banking system or any other financial institutions.My study is ‘Different modes of investment of IBBL on Mirpir Branch’ is a relevant and core of Banking business. Without this concern bank cannot think of its business and existence. I have worked at Pallabi Branch of IBBL. The report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services; the report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services, operating activities financial position, performance analysis, different types of modes present situation, performance analysis and SWOT analysis of IBBL. 1. 4 Objectives of the study: The objectives of this report are: To know about Islamic banking system in Bangladesh. To know about different modes manufacturing of investment of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To study the performance of different modes of investment of Islami bank Bangladesh limited. ? To id entify the problem of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To make sngation. 5 1. 5 Methodology: This report has been prepared on the basis of experience gathered during the period of internship form 19th April to13thjun. Within this period I visited three department namely General Banking, Investment and Foreign Exchange departments. Section |Duration |Working Day | |General Banking |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | |Investment |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | |Foreign Exchange |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | A. Sources of Data: The report is prepared by using both primary and secondary data. ) Primary Sources: A lots of the required information came from primary sources. These sources are: o Face to face conversation with the officers: Officers of the general banking, Foreign Exchange & Investment Division of Mirpur Branch, Dhaka have been interviewed. o Practical desk work o Relevant file study as provided by the concerned officer o In depth study of selected cases. o Maintaining diary. i i) Secondary sources: Conceptual parts of the report have been collected by studying different literatures regarding credit appraisal system.Some of these secondary sources are: ? Different Circulars issued by the Head Office and Bangladesh Bank ? Different ‘Investment Manual’, published by IBBL. ? Annual Reports 2010 of IBBL. ? www. islamibankbd. com ? Newspaper information on several days ? Audit Reports. ? Relevant books, Newspapers and Journals. B. Analysis of Data: Some arithmetic and graphical tools are used in this report for analyzing the collected data and to classifying those to interpret them clearly. 6 1. 6 Limitations of the study: Islami banking system is different than the traditional banking system †¢ It is very difficult to analyze this issue without proper knowledge about Islamic banking and economy. †¢ As it is not conventional so it bears some complexity to understand. †¢ Some words are in Arabic terms that make it difficult. †¢ I t is time consuming to differentiate & understand interest & profit. CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART †¢ Background †¢ Definition of Islamic Economy †¢ Islamic Banking †¢ History of Islamic Banking Goals & Objectives of Islami Banking †¢ Essential Features of an Islamic Bank †¢ Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking †¢ Brief Description of the IBBL †¢ Mission †¢ Vision †¢ Aims and Objectives †¢ Functions of IBBL †¢ Structure of the organization CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART 7 2. 1 Background: Islam is a complete way of life, and Allah’s Guidance extends into all areas of our lives. Islam has given detailed regulations for our economic life, which is balanced and fair.Muslims are to recognize that wealth, earnings, and material goods are the property of Allah and we are merely his trustees. The principles of Islam aim at establishing a just society wherein everyone will behave responsively and honestly. The Quaranic concept is based upon sovereignty of Allah overall. He is the source of income for human beings. The Almighty provides whatever man possesses to him. Allah is the sustainer of human beings, animals and other beings. It is his desire to whom he gives more and to whom he gives less. 2. 2 Definition of Islamic Economy: a) Islamic Economics is that branch of knowledge, which helps realize human well being through an allocation and distribution of scarce resource that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing individual freedom, or creating continued macro-economic and ecological imbalances- By Omar Chapra (b) Islamic Economics is the science of how man uses resources and means of production to study his worldly needs according to a predetermined code given by Allah in order to achieve the greatest equity- By Princes Muhammad Al-Faisal Saud. 2. 3 Islamic Banking:In the late seventies and early eighties, Muslim countries were awoken by the e mergence of Islami Bank which provided interest free banking facilities. There are currently more then 300 interst free institutions all over the world. Islami Bank now a days not only operate in almost Muslim countries but have extended their wings to the Western world to serve both Muslim and non Muslim countries. In case of Islami Banking the establishment of Mitghamar Local Savings Bank in 1963 is said to be a milestone for modern Islami Banking can nevertheless be traced back to the birth of Isalm.Definition of Islami Banking: An Islami Bank is a financial institution whose statutes, rules and regulations expressly state its commitment to the principles of Islamic Shariah and to the banning of the receipt and payment of interest on any of its operating. – According to OIC 2. 4 History of Islamic Banking: During Sumerian, Babylonian and Mesopotamian civilization, temples gave loans to states and individuals and accumulated much wealth prompting various councils to issue d ecrees. City of Mecca was complex and heterogeneous place, where clan and tribal community were involved in interest based loans.Prophet and his companions were to introduce Arabs to Islam. There is evidence to indicate that the development of Islami Banking started from the time of Prophet. Four revelations of Al-Quran specifically dealing with interest are milestone which later shaped the operational aspects of the Islami Banking system. There are numerous Hadiths relevant to banking which clearly prohibits Muslim from accepting or paying riba. The only known organized financial institution originated during prophet was the Baitul Mal, which involved in state income, expenditure and development purpose.Evidence indicates that the two sons of Chaliph Umar were given loans from Baitul Mal which they used on their way back to Madina for trading and consequently earned profit. Caliph declared it as Mudaraba and taken half profit for Baitul Mal against involved capital. 2. 5 Goals & Ob jectives of Islami Banking: (a) Establishment of an Interest frees financial system. (b) Ensuring justice to both suppliers of fund and user of fund. (c) Encouraging & patronizing entrepreneurship. (d) Creating employment. (e) Bridging up the gap between the surplus and deficit of fund. (f) Development of a healthy capital and money market. g) Providing various services and utilities to the public. (h) Development of standard of living. (i) Maintaining justice and equity at all level of transaction. (j) Swishing over to mass banking from class banking. (k) Alleviating Poverty through Zakat & profit sharing micro-finance. 2. 6 Essential Features of an Islamic Bank: a) Prohibition of Interest: The traditional capitalist banking system depends of interest for providing loans and pays interest for taking loans. The spread between these two interests is the source of its profit. But according to Islamic Shariah all types of interest is banned.So Islamic Bank does not carry on business of interest and it completely avoids the transaction of interest. b) Investment Based on Profit: After departing from interest, the alternative ways of income for Islamic Bank are investment and profit. Thus Islamic Bank gives up any transaction of interest and makes investments based on profit. Bank distributes its profit to its depositors and shareholders. c) Investing in Halal Business: Islamic Shariah has banned the business of haram goods. For example Islam not only forbids the drinking of alcohol but also banned any business of alcohol.Therefore Islamic Bank does not get any haram business and only do halal business. d) Halal Paths and Procedures: Islamic Shariah also reject any haram path or process any case of a halal business. Therefore Islamic Banking system only allows the halal path procedures of Halal business. 2. 7 Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking: (a) Risk Sharing: †¢ No predetermined rate of return. †¢ Sharing end result o f the business. †¢ Mudaraba loss is entirely borne by the Shahib-al-Maal. (b) Emphasis on productivity not on credit worthiness: †¢ Dominant consideration no on collaterals. Emphasis on soundness of the project. (c) Moral Dimension: †¢ Islamic value oriented system. †¢ Full compliance of Shariah. †¢ No finance for wine/tobacco/casino/pork production or trading. (d) Equity: †¢ Justice to all parties. †¢ Riba is unjust. (e) Allocative efficiency: †¢ Productive of the project. †¢ Finance goes to high productive project even if credit worthiness is lower. (f) Stability of the Banking System: †¢ Mudaraba & Musharaka Mechanism ensures stability. (g)Growth: †¢ Promotes Innovation. †¢ Entrepreneurship Development. 2. 8 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE IBBL: Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world.The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. Natu rally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam. The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983. This Bank is the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities on the basis of interest-free profit-loss sharing system.In doing so, it has unveiled a new horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished dream of the people of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with what is prescribed by Islam. With the active co-operation and participation of Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic banks, financial institutions, government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries, Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has by now ea rned the unique position of a leading private commercial bank in Bangladesh. 2. 9 Mission:To establish Islamic Banking through the introduction of a welfare oriented banking system and also ensure equity and justice in the field of all economic activities, achieve balanced growth and equitable development through diversified investment operations particularly in the priority sectors and less development areas of the country. To encourage socio-economic enlistment and financial services to the low income community particularly in the rural areas. 2. 10 Vision: IBBL’s vision is to always strive to achieve superior financial performance, be considered a leading Islamic Bank by reputation and performance. The bank’s goal is to establish and maintain the modern banking techniques, to ensure the soundness and development of the financial system based on Islamic principles and to become the strong and efficient organization with highly motivated professionals, working for the benefit of people, based upon accountability, transparency and integrity in order to ensure the stability of financial systems. †¢ The bank will try to encourage savings in the form of direct investment. †¢ The bank will also try to encourage Investment particularly in projects which are more likely to lead to higher employment. 2. 1 Aims and Objectives: †¢ To conduct interest-free banking. †¢ To establish participatory banking instead of banking on debtor-creditor relationship. †¢ To invest on profit and risk sharing basis. †¢ To accept deposits on Mudaraba & Al-Wadeah basis. †¢ To establish a welfare-oriented banking system. †¢ To extend co-operation to the poor, the helpless and the low-income group for their economic enlistment. To play a vital role in human development and employment generation. †¢ To contribute towards balanced growth and development of the country through investment operations particularly in the less developed ar eas. To contribute in achieving the ultimate goal of Islamic economic system. 2. 12 Functions of IBBL: The IBBL’s has number of Functions, they are as follows: 1. General banking ? Account Opening Section ? M. S. B, M. S. S, Hajji Section ? P. O, T. D. R, D. D, T. T Section ? Cash Section ? Clearing House Section ? Transaction Entry Section 2. Foreign Exchange Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 3. Investment Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 2. 13 Organization Structure of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited: [pic] [pic] CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL †¢ Introduction †¢ Investment policy of IBBL †¢ Investment Strategy of IBBL †¢ Investment Modes of IBBL †¢ Mode wise investment †¢ Sector wise Analysis †¢ Special Investment Schemes of IBBL CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL 3. 1 Introduction: Islamic Bank does not invest in loans and fixed interest securities. It can invest in ordinary share only while interest based bank can invest in loans and different kinds of securities.Islami Bank establishes and participate projects with its client as a partner and bears the risk along with the client on a proportionate basis. Besides, other conventional banks sometimes finance projects but do not bear risk. Finally, the concept of Islamic Bank is to establish on egalitarian society based on principles of social justice and equity. Whereas traditional banks pay a fixed interest on savings, time deposit and grant loans with interest for any purpose. We have gathered the fact that investment management is the theme of IBBL. The bank takes deposits and invests the same based on the profit-loss sharing.Bank go for the investment mainly which are long term and profitable in nature. IBBL also give high concentration on the investment that will generate more employment. As investment is one of t he most priority areas for the IBBL, so it needs to cautious in investment decision. To ensure proper investment IBBL always go with in-depth study before making the investment. So in the next phases we are going to demonstrate the way IBBL follow the manage investment. 2 Investment policy of IBBL: Investment policy of Islamic Bank and non Islamic bank are fully different.The investment policies of Islami bank Bangladesh limited are given follows †¢ To invest fund strictly in accordance with the principles of Islamic Shariah. †¢ To diversify its investment portfolio by size of investment, by sectors (public & private), by economic purpose, by securities and by geographical area including industrial, commercial & agricultural. †¢ To ensure mutual benefit both for the Bank and the investment-client by professional appraisal of investment proposals, judicious sanction of investment, close and constant supervision and monitoring thereof. To make investment keeping the soc io-economic requirement of the country in view. †¢ To increase the number of potential investors by making participatory and productive investment. †¢ To finance various development schemes for poverty alleviation, income and employment generation with a view to accelerating sustainable socio-economic growth and upliftment of the society. †¢ To invest in the form of goods and commodities rather than give out cash money to the investment clients. †¢ To encourage social upliftment enterprises. †¢ To shun even highly profitable investment in fields forbidden under Islamic Shariah and are harmful for the society. The Bank extends investments under the principles of Bai-Murabaha, Bai-Muazzal, Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Meelk and Musharaka. The Bank is making sincere efforts to go for investment under Mudaraba principle in near future. 3. 3Investment Strategy of IBBL: Most of the cases investment strategy of Islamic Bank and interest-based bank are contradictor y. The investment strategies of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited are given below: ? To check exodus of investment clients. ? To induct new investment clients. ? To induct good investment clients of other Banks. To enhance existing limits of good investment clients. ? Extension of investment transport sector. ? Extension of investment to backward as well as forward linkage industries. ? Extension of investment to real Estate Sector. ? Extension of investment to Jute sector; particularly for trading and export purpose. ? Strengthening supervision, control and monitoring mechanism. ? Training and motivation of manpower to handle increased and diverse volume of investment s. ? To give due consideration to high risk, high return and low risk, low return investment proposals. Adaptation of modern technology 3. 4 Investment Modes of IBBL: IBBL invests its money in various sectors of the economy through different modes permitted by shariah and approved by the Bangladesh Band. The modes of inv estment are as follows: [pic] A. Bai-Mechanism (Trading mode): Bai-Murabaha: Bai- murabaha may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the sells certain specific goods (permissible under Islamic shariah and the law of the land) to the buyer at a cost plus agreed profit payable in cash or on any fixed future data in lump sum or by installments.The marked up profit may be fixed in lump sum or in percentage of the cost price of the goods. Important features: ( It is permissible for the client to offer an order to purchase by the bank particular goods deciding its specification and committing him to buy same from the bank on murabaha, i. e. cost plus agreed upon profit. ( It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank, that is, he is to satisfy the promise or to indemnify the damages caused by breaking the promise without excuse. It is also permissible to take cash / collateral security to guarantee the implementation of the promise or indemnify the damages. ( Stock availability of goods is a basic condition for signing a Bai-murabaha agreement. Therefore, the bank must purchase the goods as per specification of the client to acquire ownership of the same before signing the Bai-Murabaha agreement with the Client. ( After purchase of goods the Bank must bear the risk of goods until those are actually sold and delivered to the Client, i. e. after purchase of the goods by the Bank and before selling of those on Bai-Murabaha to the Client buyer, the bank bear the consequences of any damages or defects, unless there is an agreement with the Client releasing the bank of the defects, that means, if the goods are damaged, bank is liable, if the goods are defective, (a defect that is not included in the release) the Bank bears the responsibility. ( The Bank must deliver the specified Goods to the Client on specified date and at specified place of delivery as per Contract. ( The bank shall the goods at a hig her price (Cost + {profit) to earn profit.The cost of goods sold and profit markup therewith shall separately and clearly be mentioned in the Bai-Murabaha agreement. The profit Mark-up may be mentioned in lump sum or in percentage of the purchase/cost price of the goods. But, under no circumstance, the percentage of the profit shall have any relation with time or expressed in relation with time, such as per month, per annum etc. ( The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further increased. ( It is permissible for the bank to authorize any third party to buy and receive the goods on Bank behalf.The authorization must be in a separated contract. Bai-Muajjal: Bai-Muajjal may be defined as a contract between a buyer and seller under which the seller sells certain specific goods permissible under Islamic Shariah and law of the country to the buyer at an agreed fixed price payable at a certain fixed future date in lump sum or within a fixed period by him as per order a nd specification of the buyer. Important feature: I. Bank is not bound to declare cost of goods and profit mark-up separately to the client. II. Spot delivery of the item and payment is deferred. III.The bank transfers ownership and possession of the goods to the client before receipt of sale price. IV. Client may offer an order to purchase by the bank any specified goods and committing himself to buy the same from the Bank on Bai-Muajjal mode. V. It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank. That is, he is either to satisfy the promise or to indemnify damage caused by breaking the promised. VI. Cash /Collateral Security should be obtained to guarantee the implementation of the promise or to indemnify the damages. VII.Mortgage / Guarantee /Cash Security may be obtained before / at the time of signing the agreement. VIII. Stock and availability of goods is a pre- condition for Bai- Muajjal agreement. The responsibility of the bank is to purc hase the desired goods at the disposal of the client to acquire ownership of the same before singing the Bai-Muajjal agreement with the client. IX. The Bank after purchase of good must bear the risk of goods until those are actually delivered to the client. X. The Bank must deliver the specified goods to client on the specified date and at specified place of delivery as per contract.XI. The Bank may sell the goods at one agreed price, which will include both the cost price and the profit. XII. The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further in increased. Bai-Salam: Bai-Salam may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the seller in advance in the certain commodity/products permissible under Islamic Shariah and the law of the land to the Buyer at an agreed price payable on execution of the said contract and the commodity products to the buyer at a future time in exchange of an advance price fully paid on the spot.Importance Features: Bai -salam is mode of investment allowed by Islamic Shariah in which commodity/product can be sold without having the said commodity (ies)/product(s) either in existence or physical/constructive possession of the seller. If the commodity /product are ready for sale, Bai-Salam is not allowed in Shariah. Then sale may be done either in Bai-Muajjal mode of investment. Generally, Industrial and agricultural products are purchased /sold in advance under Bai-Salam mode of investment to infuse finance so that product is not hindered due to shortage of fund/cash.I. It is permissible to obtain collateral security from the seller client to secure the investment from any hazards vis non-supply of supply of commodity (ies)/product, supply of low quality commodity (ies)/ product(s) etc. II. It is also permissible to obtain mortgage and /or personal guarantee from a third party as security before the signing of the agreement or at the time of signing the agreement. III. Bai-salam on a particular comm odity (ies)/product(s) or on a product of a particular field or farm cannot be affected. IV.The seller (manufacture) client may be made agent of the bank to sell the goods delivered to the bank by him provided a separated agency agreement is excuted between the bank and the client (agent). B. Share mechanism: Mudaraba: It is a from partnership where one party provides the funds while the other provides the expertise, labor and necessary business activities. The first party is called the Sahib-al Mall and the letter referred to at the Mudarib. Any profits accrued are shared between the two parties on a pre- agreed basis, while capital loss in exclusively born by the partner providing the capital.Important features: i. Bank supplies capital as Sahib-Al-Mall and the client invest if in the business with his experience. ii. Administration and management is maintained by the client, iii. Profit is divided as per agreement. iv. Bank bears the actual loss alone, v. Client can not take anot her investment for that specific business without the permission of the Bank. Musharakah: The term â€Å"Shirkat† and Musharaka† have been derived from Arabic words â€Å"Shairkah† and â€Å"Sharika† The word shirkah means a partnership between more than one partner.Thus the word â€Å"Musharaka† and â€Å"Shirkat† means a partnership established between two or more partners for purpose of a commercial venture participated both in the capital and management where the profit may be shared between the partners as per agreed upon ratio and the loss. If any incurred, is to be borne by the partners at per capital/equity ratio. In this case of Investment, â€Å"Musharaka† meaning a partnership between the Bank and the Client for a particular business in which both the Bank and the Client provide capital at an agreed upon ratio and manage the business jointly.Share the rent as per agreed upon ratio and bear the loss, if any in proportion to t heir respective equity. Bank may move itself with the selected Client for conducting any Shariah permissible business under Musharaka mode. Important features: †¢ Bank and client both supply capital Unequally/equally †¢ Profit is divided as per agreement and actual loss is divided as per equity. †¢ Client will maintain all accounts properly bank or its agent may verify or audit it. †¢ Banks can advice the client in such a business in respect of the business. Investment client will normally run and manage the business. †¢ The Bank shall take part in the policy and decision making as well as overseeing (supervision and monitoring) the operations of the business of the Client. The Bank may appoint suitable personal(s) to run the manage the business and to maintain books of accounts of the business property. †¢ As the investment client shall manage the enterprise, the Bank may pay more share of profit to him than that of his proportionate capital contributi on. Loss, if any, shall be shared on the basis of capital ratio. C.Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk: Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk is a Special type of contract that has been developed through practice. Actually, it is a synthesis of three contacts: i. Shirkat ii. Ijarah and iii. Sale These may be defined as follows: i) Shirkatul Melk: Shirkat means partnership. Shirkatul Melk means share in ownership. When two or more persons supply equity, purchase an asset, own the same jointly, and share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion to their respective equity, the contract is calledShirkatul Melk contract. ii) Ijarah:The term Ijarah has been derived from the Arabic words (Air) and (Ujrat) which means consideration, return, wages or rent. This is really the exchange value or consideration, return, wages, rent of service f an asset. Ijarah has been defined as a contract between two parties, the Hiree and Hirer where the Hirer enjoys or reaps a specific servic e or benefit against a specified consideration or rent from the asset owned by the Hiree. It is a hire agreement under which the Hiree to a Hirer against fixed rent or rentals hires out a certain asset for a specified period. iii) Sale:This is a sale contract between a buyer and a seller under which the ownership of certain goods or asset is transferred by seller to the buyer against agreed upon price paid / to be paid by the buyer. Thus, in Hire purchase under Shirkatul Melk mode both the Bank and the Client supply equity in equal or unequal proportion for purchase of an asset like land, building, and machinery, transport etc. Purchase the asset with that quit money, own the same jointly, share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion their respective equity.The share, part of portion of the asset owned by the bank is hired out to the client partner for a fixed rent per unit of time for a fixed period. Lastly the bank sells and transfers the ownership of its sha re/part/portion to the client against payment of price fixed for the either gradually part by part or in lump sum within the hire period or after expire of the hire agreement. 3. 5 Mode wise investment: 3. 5. 1 Mode wise investment performance: The mode wise investment performance of IBBL overall and the selected area is outlined below: (Fig. are in million) Modes |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Bai-Murabaha |23522. 92 |31138. 88 |41731. 48 |51822. 28 |59465. 08 |73833 | |HPSM |14131. 48 |18065. 10 |23344. 46 |30046. 89 |39399. 18 |50201 | | Bai-Muajjal |4965. 76 |5512. 13 |5735. 29 |5917. 18 |6921. 37 |6546 | |Purchase and Nego. 1865. 26 |1801. 33 |2416. 64 |3179. 81 |4846. 62 |11040 | |Quard-E-Hasana |1298. 19 |1765. 65 |1694. 32 |1966. 13 |1974. 20 |1955 | |Bai-Salam |407. 08 |610. 27 |807. 14 |641. 44 |905. 61 |1153 | |Mudaraba |52. 00 |103. 00 |102. 00 |50. 00 |50. 00 |50 | |Musharaka |37. 2 |12. 13 |27. 13 |20. 42 |12. 95 |143 | |Total |46279. 71 |59008. 49 |75858. 46 | 94644. 15 |113575. 01 |144921 | 3. 5. 2 Percentage of the mode wise investment for the years: (In Tk %) |Modes |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |Mean | |Bai-Murabaha |50. 83 |52. 77 |55. 01 |55. 34 |52. 5 |50. 95 |52. 875 | |HPSM |30. 53 |30. 62 |30. 78 |32. 09 |34. 69 |34. 64 |32. 225 | |Bai-Muajjal |10. 73 |9. 34 |7. 56 |6. 32 |6. 09 |4. 52 |7. 4267 | |Purchase & Nego. |4. 03 |3. 05 |3. 19 |3. 40 |4. 27 |7. 62 |4. 26 | |Quard-E-Hasana |2. 81 |2. 99 |2. 23 |2. 10 |1. 74 |1. 5 |2. 2033 | |Bai-Salam |. 88 |1. 04 |1. 06 |0. 68 |0. 80 |0. 79 |0. 875 | |Mudaraba |. 11 |. 17 |. 13 |0. 05 |0. 04 |0. 03 |0. 0883 | |Musharaka |. 08 |. 02 |. 04 |0. 02 |0. 01 |. 10 |0. 045 | 3. 5. 3 Division wise investment of IBBL for the years: (Amount in Tk) Division |2009 |2010 | |Dhaka |72637666426 |91473695824 | |Chittagong |19020120156 |25609818224 | |Khulna |8336566722 |12605186181 | |Rajshahi |10129510794 |11572609603 | |Barishal |990277259 |1077373472 | |Sylhet |2460929772 |2581926291 | |Total | 113575071129 |144920609595 | 3. 5. 4 Mode wise investment performance of Mirpur Branch: (In Lac Tk) Modes |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 (up to july 31 ) | |Bai-Murabaha |2551 |3432 |4521 |5072 |4815 | |HPSM |4821 |5906 |6627 |6531 |6155 | |Bai-Muajjal |243 |720 |857 |807 |797 | |QTDR |259 |139 |197 |211 |303 | |Musharaka |46 |00 |7 |7 |00 | |Baisalam |00 |78 |136 |133 |100 | |Others |94 |175 |337 |483 |499 | |Total |8014 |10450 |12682 |13244 |12669 | 3. 5. 5 Percentage of the mode wise investment of mirpur branch for the years: (In Tk %) |Modes |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(up to july 31 )|Mean | |Bai-Murabaha |31. 83 |32. 84 |35. 65 |38. 30 |38. 00 |38. 54 | |HPSM |60. 16 |56. 52 |52. 26 |49. 31 |48. 58 |58. 22 | |Bai-Muajjal |3. 3 |6. 89 |6. 76 |6. 09 |6. 29 |6. 34 | |QTDR |3. 23 |1. 33 |1. 55 |1. 59 |2. 39 |2. 20 | |Musharaka |0. 57 |0. 00 |0. 06 |0. 05 |0. 00 |0. 15 | |Baisalam |0. 00 |0. 75 |1. 07 |1. 00 |0. 79 |0. 79 | |Others |1. 17 |1. 67 |2. 66 |3. 65 |3. 94 |2. 86 | 3. 5. Sector-wise investment performance of IBBL: (Amount in million Tk) |Year |Comm’l |Industrial |Agriculture |Real State |Transport |other |Total | |2005 |17534. 07 |19692. 68 |2350 |3581. 72 |1851. 32 |1270. 30 |46280. 61 | |2006 |20467. 76 |24480. 21 |2235. 29 |5204. 18 |2475. 11 |4144. 94 |59007. 49 | |2007 |26877. 02 |35593. 03 |3537. 17 |5785. 11 |2472. 46 |1593. 77 |75858. 56 | |2008 |29284. 21 |46063. 51 |6445. 67 |6813. 0 |2975. 12 |2061. 94 |93644. 15 | |2009 |28983. 80 |62642. 10 |5890 |8357. 80 |2722. 40 |4978. 97 |113575. 07 | |2010 |43877 |78788 |6485 |8588 |2656 |4527 |144921 | 3. 5. 7 Sector-wise investment performance of Pallabi Branch: Amount in Lac TK |Year |Comm’l |Industrial |Agriculture |Real State |Transport |Other | |2007 |2667 |1002 |000 |3404 398 |543 | |2008 |3520 |1790 |000 |4189 |393 |567 | |2009 |5385 |2582 |000 |3570 |376 |769 | |2010 |5132 |2591 |000 |4324 |401 |796 | |2008(up to july |4867 |2362 |000 |4196 |337 |907 | |31) | | | | | | | |Mean |4706. 4 |2253. 14 |0. 00 |4294. 47 |415. 64 |781. 53 | 3. 6 Sector wise Analysis: i) Analysis of investment under Commercial Sector:Graphical representation of investment under Commercial Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Mirpur |2667 |3520 |5385 |5132 |4867 |4269. 6 | From table and above graph we find that, the average investment in commercial sector is satisfactory. In 2006, 2007 total investment under commercial sector was too much favorable. It is so much good for the company. So overall the commercial investment of the bank is satisfactory. ii) Analysis of investment under Real Estate Sector:Graphical representation of investment under Real Estate Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Mirpur |3404 |4189 |3570 |4324 |4196 |4294. 47 | / From table and above graph we find that, the average investment under Real Estate Sector is Satisfactory.. It is so much good for the bank. So overall the Real Estate in vestment of the bank is satisfactory. iii) Analysis of investment under Transport Sector: Investment under Transport Sector is as follows: Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |398 |393 |376 |401 |337 |415. 64 | From table we find that, the average investment in transport sector is not satisfactory. It has declined in recent years. Where the attention is necessary by the bank. iv) Analysis of investment under Industrial Sector: Investment under the Sector is as follows: Industrial |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |1002 |1790 |2582 |2591 |2362 |2253. 16 |From table we find that, the average investment in agricultural sector is increasing. In recent years the investment situation under this sector is satisfactory. v) Analysis of investment under Others Sector: Investment under Others Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |543 |567 |769 |796 |907 |781. 53 | From table we find that, the average investment in o thers sector is the most satisfactory. The trend was then going to the upward since 2007. vi) Growth rate of total investment of Islami Bank Pallabi Branch: (Amount in â€Å"000†TK ) Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(Upto July 31) | |Pallabi |851900 |1149725 |1431864 |1532342 |1461006 | Growth rate of Total credit shows the positive or negative tendency of people to collect their fund from the respective institutions. The higher the growth rate of total credits the best for the organization and its profitability. From the table mentioned above it is found that, the highest growth rate of total credit shows in 2008. It is so good for the organization. vii) Profit and Investment of several year of Pallabi Branch: Year |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(upto july) | |Total Investment |851900 |1149725 |1431864 |1532342 |1461006 | |Investment Income |68058 |89288 |139411 |156624 |89834 | |Profit on IBG A/C |62187 |74987 |124616 |161790 |88554 | |Net Invst Income |130245 |164275 |264 027 |318414 |178388 | viii) Profit and Investment Ratio: Total Profit received on Investment Profit and investment ratio = ————————————* 100Total amount of investment Figures in 000 Tk |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |15. 29 |14. 29 |18. 44 |20. 78 |9. 99 |17. 19 | Here in the above two graph we see that the profit and investment ratio of the IBBL is in average position. ix) Distribution of Investment by Sectors (Public & Private): (M= Million Taka) |Year |IF |Public Sector |Private Sector |Total | | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | |2008 |71912 |5 |3596 |95 |68317 |71912 | |2009 |86295 |5 |4315 |95 |81980 |86295 | |2010 |103554 |5 |5178 |95 |98376 |103554 | That investment distribution in private and public sector both are more effective for any country. But the Islami bank distributes the maximum investment in private sector because it earned comparatively more profit from private sector. x) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural & Urban): (Amount in Taka) Year |Rural |Urban |Total | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | | |2009 |8. 68 |9862235033 |91. 32 |103712836096 |113575071129 | |2010 |7. 86 |11386885036 |92. 14 |133533724559 |144920609595 | From the above table it is found that Islami bank invested the maximum money in urban area. Because maximum entrepreneur and business man stay in urban place. However maximum organization established in urban area. i) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural & Urban) of Pallabi Branch: Total investment of Pallabi branch is in Urban areas. There is no rural investment. xii) Distribution of Investments by sector(private & public) of Pallabi Branch: Total investment of Pallabi branch is in private sector there is no public sector investment. xiii) Distribution of country wise Investments of IBBL: |Year |Within Bangladesh |Foreign country |Total | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | | |2009 |100 |113575071129 |0. 0 |0000 |11357507112 9 | |2010 |100 |144920609595 |0. 00 |0000 |144920609595 | 3. 7 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. SPECIAL INVESTMENT SCHEMES OF IBBL: CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis †¢ Strength †¢ Weakness †¢ Opportunities †¢ Threats 4. 1. 2. 1. CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis 4. 1 SWOT Analysis of IBBL: SWOT Analysis is used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in a business. It is a methodology used to aid strategic planning that gained popularity during the 80’s. It involves specifying the objective of the business or project and identifying the internal and external factors. 4. 2 Strength:After analyzing the present market condition, IBBL got the following strengths, which will be favorable to us to launch our business. Honest and reliable employees: All of the employees of IBBL are honest and reliable. They are always devoted themselves to the works for better services. Better Quality of Services: The IBBL will run profitable business by pro viding first-rate banking services in a caring, upscale, professional environment. More funds for investment: For adequate financial ability they can provide loan to more investment clients. Appropriate Organizational Structure: IBBL has the appropriate organizational structure. Organizational structure will be developed by the local and foreign expertise. 4. 3 Weakness:The weaknesses of IBBL are as follows. Inaduquate Human Resource: IBBL does not have an adequate human resource management so that it has to encounter about their employees as well as recruitment. It does not develop HR department yet. So that it cannot properly train up to its employee and motivate its employees to give them reward. The ignorance of time value of money: According to Islami Shari’ah the interest should be prohibited. In another word Islami economy does not take the time value of money into consideration. So IBBL does not consider time value of money though our country does not follow Islami ec onomy. Slow velocity of investment:The velocity of investment of IBBL is very slow compared to other banks. It takes in excess of time while investing in a project. 4. 4 Opportunities: Looking at current marketing environment, the following opportunities of IBBL are being visible. More Market Share: As Islami banking is a growing type of business in Bangladesh, IBBL has a great opportunity to capture a large amount of market share. Many Islami banks are turning their faces towards conventional banking to capture market share, but IBBL will not compromise with its quality. It will maintain strictly Islami Shari’ah and will provide the best service to its clients to capture market share. More Market Growth:IBBL has the better HR than any other banks in Bangladesh. Their strategy making and implementing will ensuring to achieve a large amount of market growth. 4. 5 Threats: The following factors may occur as unfavorable phenomena for IBBL. Threat of New Entrants: New entrants to an industry impose several threats to existing competitors. New competitors can reduce the market share of all participants by dividing the â€Å"pie† into more pieces. They also may bring new technology or greater resources not available to present competitors and achieve a high market share position quickly to the detriment of all existing participants. So if any new entrants will be big threat for IBBL. Preference Diversity:Client’s preferences can be the most acute threat to any company. It can change any times. If the consumers think that they should prefer any other services rather that for the ultimate comfort, it could be the worst danger to IBBL. Political Unrest: Now-a-days political unrest becomes common phenomenon in a nation as well as the whole world. World is place of intense political unrest. So, political unrest can be harmful for IBBL. Financial Risk: Financial risk is the part of every business. Banks can increase the interest rate; insurance compan y can demand more premium or competitor can offer services in lower price. Economic Change: Changes in economic circumstances can be harmful for the IBBL.Personal income, savings, employment, and price level trends can have dramatic effects on the attractiveness of a firm's products or services in output markets not only final markets, but intermediate markets as well. CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS †¢ Analysis of finding problem †¢ Recommendations †¢ Conclusion †¢ Bibliography CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 Analysis of finding problem: I have identified some problems and limitations in Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited while working in Mirpur-10 branch. For these problems IBBL cannot provide best services to its customers as well as customers are not getting ultimate service from IBBL. These problems are given follows: ) Major Investment of IBBL is on commercial and Industrial sectors. ii) Minimum amount of investment is on agricultural sector. iii) IBBL always invest welfare oriented sectors. iv) Large portion of investment is invested by mode of Baimorabaha that is 53. 26%. v) Maximum amount of investment is in Dhaka division. vi) Total investment of IBBL is increasing gradually. vii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible without the Interest based banking system. viii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible for the Interest based banking system. ix) IBBL cannot syndicate the other conventional banks. ) Lack of proper supervision. xi) Lack of stable economic condition. xii) Lack of skilled manpower. xiii) Inadequate legal framework. xiv) Unfavorable business environment. xv) Lack of opportunities for profitable investment. xvi) Political unrest. xvii) Customer service is not so much well. xviii) There is no sufficient and high bandwidth Internet connection available in the bank. So, bank cannot ensure better service for all Customers outward city. xix) Some few desks use obstacle instruments and take a huge time to accomplish a particular task. xx) It lacks workforce in general banking section. Employees are not that much motivated to work due to excessive workloads. xi) People still confuse IBBL’s products to conventional banks. For example, people frequently call Mudaraba Special Savings (Pension) Scheme or MSS as DPS like conventional banks. xxii) In a beginning and ending day of the week, the flow of customer is so high so at time handling of the customer is so difficult and that show the lack of professional image. xxiii) The decoration system of the bank is not a planned way and the floor, furniture, other materials are not cleaned in a right way and every time so the working condition is not comfortable. xxiv) Sunday and Thursday is very gathering in account opening, cheque issue, cheque received and pay order. xv) Some purpose they provide cash loan to the clients, for example Hire Purchase under Shirkatu l Melk Real Estate 5. 2 Recommendations: Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has achieved outstanding success during last twenty six years, but competition is being increased simultaneously. Lots of banks are being opened and many banks are opening Islami banking division. To survive as number one position IBBL has to do lots of things. Some of these are suggested below: 1. IBBL should increase investment in agricultural sector because Bangladesh is an agricultural country. 2. IBBL should increase their investment in public sector because their maximum investment is in private sector. 3.Bangladesh is rural base country, So IBBL should increase their investment in rural area. 4. Operational cost should be minimized. 5. IBBL should try to improve the deposit investment ratio for higher productivity. 6. To decentralize the decision-making authority of the bank. 7. Modern method should be introduced for increasing management information system and accounting information system. 8. IBBL is al lowed to determine the rate of profit on deposits and advance. 9. The productivity of the bank may be raised by better funds management and portfolio management improving recycling of funds and developing other income from the business activities of the bank. 10. Purpose oriented training program. 11.Encouraging development of positive and cooperative relationship between management and trade union. 12. Better industrial relationships participatory decision-making etc, is needed to improve the high productivity for the bank. 13. They should improve their customer service. 14. The branch should introduce fully computerized system as soon as possible to reduce time, labor and cost. 15. A large office space should immediately be allocated for this branch. 16. To operate General Banking operations smoothly, some people should immediately be appointed. 17. A prime location should be selected and interior designer should be hired in decorating office. 18. Number of office assistants shoul d be increased. 19.Employees should be smooth behave with customer basically in account opening and convince them. Some other suggestions may be in brief: ? Awareness programs can be arranged for the clients to have a clear view of IBBL products. ? Authorized employees should be monitored to be available at their located divisions ? Branches need to be 100% automated ? Online service should be every where ? Client selection should be cautious ? Overdue should be regularly monitored and minimized ? The information should be available about the investment products and their costs of fund ? Bank documents should be easy and clear to the clients 5. 3 Conclusion: Once upon a time, most of the people didn’t understand interest-free banking system.They never thought that it is possible to provide banking facilities without interest but in passage of time, now it is clear that in Islam there as a banking procedure though profit / less sharing basis. In course of time problems have re duced but not delaminated. This bank is trying to operate their activities according to Islami Shariah. If the Govt. becomes conscious to solve these problems and the banker become cordial and cooperative, the problems may be reduced to a greater extent The Gradual and successful globalization of Islami Banking coupled with growing awareness of the people about its financial and social benefits makes it clear that the next century is going to be the century of Islami Banking. It would be very difficult for them to survive as a number one position, if their service qualities remain constant.Big clients are switching to other bank for this reason bank is losing huge market share. They should pay more attention to big clients. It is also true that maintain Shari’ah and pay special attention to particular person is very difficult. Innovative product should be launched by Islami bank Bangladesh limited such as credit card, investment in education sector to cope with present situat ion. This project will help IBBL to get advantage over others. Special training should be given to employees to develop their behavior. 5. 4 Bibliography: ———————– CHAIRMAN VICE CHAIRMAN DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT DEPUTY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENTSENIOR VICE PRESIDENTS VICE PRESIDENTS ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT Second Officer (Senior Principal Officer) Investment Department (Principal Officer) Foreign Exchange (Principal Officer) General Department (Principal Officer) Senior Officer Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Officer Senior Officer Officer Officer Probationary Officer Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Manager a) Bai-Murabaha b) Bai-Muajjal c) Bai-Salam d) Istishna’a a) Mudaraba b) Musharaka a) Hire Purchase b) Hire Purchase Under shirkatul Melk Bai- Me chanism Share Mechanism Ijara Mechanism

Cause and Effect of Bullying Essay

Bullying is when one individual enforces their dominance over another individual repeatedly. Bullying is a serious matter that millions of hours of research and prevention programs have been put into. Researchers try and figure out what motivates someone to be so cruel to fellow person. When a bully presents their dominance over the victim it is not always because they are arrogant or naturally evil. Sometime when someone is being a bully it is a cry for help, a self esteem boost, jealousy or a way to cope with them being a victim to bullying. When someone bullies another person they are trying to be funny or cool and impress the other people around them. As well the bully could be a victim themselves and the way they deal with their own problem is doing the same thing to someone inferior. In some cases the bully is unaware of the seriousness of their actions. The causes of bullying cause traumatic effects on the victims. Being a victim to bullying is a traumatizing event that will stay with the victim for the rest of their lives. Bullying creates insecurities to the victims and makes the victims hate certain traits about themselves that they get picked on or teased about. In reality it makes them unique. In younger ages a victims schooling can be harmed because the child would not want to go to school because that is the place where they get bullied. Bullying does not just create emotional pain to the victims but it can create psychological pain as well. Bullying can cause mental illness such as depression and give you a very low self confidence. In very serious cases of bullying the victim may encounter suicidal thoughts, attempt or suicide itself. These are all short term and during the bullying stage. This mortifying event can come back and haunt the victim and create post trauma disorder or self destructive behavior and substance abuse. Bullying is a very serious matter that affects the victims d ramatically.

An Effective Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Effective Teacher - Essay Example As a flexible educator, an effective teacher makes it a point to improvise tools or innovate techniques which are sensitive to the needs of each student especially when it comes to targeting personal growth in terms of enhanced potentials and increased level of self-worth. While the quantity of lessons may matter with ample significance at anytime, such an instructor does not afford to neglect providing quality in his unique creative style of teaching which naturally earns appreciation by colleagues and pupils alike. An effective teacher exhibits a character of passion toward mastery of specialization or subject being taught. Because it is part of his chief objective to sustain learning with excellence, he finds a way to exceed the standards of his profession and considers exploring knowledge of the yet unknown for the benefit not only of improving his intellect but also of inspiring the students with the wonderful idea of gaining mastery of their individual endeavors both at present and in the future. Students are similarly encouraged to be regularly present in class to listen and perform in a stimulating atmosphere fostered by a teacher who demonstrates skillfulness in classroom management.

Cinematic Portrayal of Women in Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cinematic Portrayal of Women in Iran - Essay Example From the Shah’s modernization to Khomeini’s Islamization, the role of women has been equally affected by both of these political stances. However, the resilience of Iranian women and the progressive nature of the Iranian youth have played a huge role in establishing the symbiosis between traditionalism and modernity in the contemporary society. Changes in the gender role have been inevitable as the number of cultural and constitutional inequalities disturbing the social fabric of Iran keep on increasing. The role of women in the Iranian society has now become a major topic for cultural articulation that translates into their artistry particularly the art of filmmaking that has become a very reliable barometer for the overall progress and social development of Iran through the depiction of women on screen. Filmmaking in Iran has now turned into a non-confrontational mode for people to voice their opinions and shed light on the plight of women; however, filmmaking hadnâ⠂¬â„¢t always been about the oppression of women in the society. Iranian cinema has produced some highlysuccessful movies that often depicted women in typical roles of a mother, wife or sister and vastly the content described everyday struggles of a woman on a domestic front. Since the actual role of women in the society was principally restricted to their homes, in such circumstances films like â€Å"Dokhtar-e-Lor† that followed the life of a gypsy woman were botha novel concept and a huge success on the box office. (Lahji, 2002) However, the cinematic advancement was short-lived and after the Islamic revolution women became completely absent from the filmmaking sphere due to the law that required all women to observe Islamic attire that required them to wear a veil. Subsequent legislations also barred women from appearing in public unaccompanied, which meant that their participation in the entire society had been greatly overshadowed by patriarchy. During this time the role of women became marginalized and the movies then followed the affairs of men and subsequently, attracted negative attention from the western media that had established strict stereotypes against Iranians and the Muslim population in general. (Dabashi&Mahani, 2001) The cinema of Iran can be trichotomized into three significant events: the post-revolution period that focuses on marginalization of women and the break out of war between Iran and Iraq, then the reconstruction period and then finally Khatami’s presidency. From the year 1979 to 1984 there was a total of 40 movies that were released, out of which 29 movies were based on the feudal system and the tyrannical rule of the Shah that were particularly focused on the immorality of aristocracy and westernization. The remaining movies followed simplistic plots and carried messages regarding drug abuse, crimes and familial drama.(Dabashi&Mahani, 2001 &Lahiji, 2002)) As mentioned earlier, the movies scarcely had a female lead and even if there were any female characters then they hardly had any dialogues and were that of a silent mother or a bickering wife; the characters were covered from head to toe and ironically enough the woman’s character cannot make an appearance in the movie without the presence of her husband’s character.The work of notable filmmakers such as BahramBaizai and DaruishMehrjui that featured a headstrong female lead in all their plots were banned from being screened; two of Baizai’s movies titled â€Å"The ballad of Tara† and â€Å"Death of Yazdgerd† remains banned to this day. (Rohani, 1996) The strict legislation against the female segment of population did not provide sufficient themes for

International Business - Bella Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Business - Bella Healthcare - Essay Example ccess to market information in the Indian and US markets, qualified workforce who understands the needs of the market thereby, enabling the company to make the necessary changes, and modern technology which has been instrumental in lowering the cost of production of the company (Leon & Yong, 2012). Project Baton failed because there was a poor coordination between the US and Indian teams. The two teams focused their attention on two different parts of the new products. However, the level of communication between them was poor. The situation was worsened by time difference, variance in styles of communication, and different working styles, an aspect that increased distrust between the teams (Leon & Yong, 2012). The production unit caused the project to fail. For instance, the cost-cutting measures were very hard to implement. In addition, although the team that was assigned to develop the product had adequate experience in EKG production, it lacked the same knowledge in stress test systems (Leon & Yong, 2012). Management issues made the product to fail. For instance, the abrupt departure of the top manager bought chaos, an aspect that led to delays. Furthermore, the initial goals that were set by the company were too ambitious for the team to achieve. Furthermore, lack of guidance from top-level manager made the overall project to fail (Leon & Yong, 2012). Bella India should go on and develop the product for the local market because India has manufacturing advantages when compared to other countries. Therefore, it has a well trained and highly motivated workforce that can serve the Indian market. India has a high population that offers the company with an opportunity to expand its market share. Furthermore, the country is known globally for its health tourism (Leon & Yong, 2012). Therefore, more people are likely to come to India to seek health related services. This will increase the demand for the

Google Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Google - Assignment Example Google has grown to attract large numbers of users who access the internet daily. The company has been selling text based ads that incorporates search keywords. This has been one of their largest income earners over the past decade. (Google Incorporation, 2014). Larry and Brin obtained their first capital in form of a donation from Andy Bechtolsheim, A Partner at Sun Microsystems. Google has over the past years gained a large pool of capital. Selling its first shares in 2004 where 19,605,052 shares were sold at $85 per share. Google is now operating in different countries of the world and worked with many corporations such as NASA, AOL, and News Corp’s. Google has become part of the largest providers of social media platforms. In corporation with mobile companies, it created the Mobi. top level. This is an area for mobile internet that allows mobile users to access the internet through their phones for quick communication. Most of the scholars have come up with lots of work done on business strategy but most of them have not withstood the test of time. Many people are well familiar with Mintzberg and Water’s strategy of 1985. Mintzberg is one of the best strategic thinkers. In collaboration with James Waters they both developed a model that showed how strategy is developed and how it is ultimately delivered. In their model, strategy delivery is made up of two sides. The deliberate strategy which includes what the organization desires to do and the emergent strategy which indicates what happened during the process (Mintzberg, 2010). The model looks like this; Google incorporation has been one of the company’s in the world that is utilizing this model in connecting up with entrepreneurs and coming up with the latest inventories in the world of technology in order to meet their customers’ demands. Google being one the most important and the largest search engines in the world must ensure that combines with the

Florida Merid Award Program evaluation Term Paper - 1

Florida Merid Award Program evaluation - Term Paper Example A school district may make available extra pay supplements for the workers who display good work attendance. The awarding of the additional payment is done in accordance with an assessment of the performance of the employee. Student performance, mainly, forms the base for the assessment. School-based administrator’s assessment is based on student’s (as a group) performance. School teachers get evaluated by the school principal while school-based administrators get evaluated by the district superintendents. The evaluation is done in relation to their (teachers and administrators) specific assessments (Chait, 2007). Teachers form a foundation of all reform efforts in education. Improvement of teaching workforce quality results to the success of the teachers. According to research, a well performing teacher is an asset to all students, especially those who live in poverty. In merit pay for teachers, teachers are offered incentives in form of money so as to improve the performance of students in their respective classes and performance of the school at large (Buddin et al, 2007). The Florida merit award program has proved to be successful and advantageous in a number of ways. Some of the strengths of the program include: The program also motivates employees. Research indicates that an increase of one percent may increase the performance of the employees by about two percent. However, providing bonuses for good performance is more effective as compared to automatic pay rise since it can elevate the performance of an employee to as much as nineteen percent Merit award program attracts qualified applicants or candidates to the profession of teaching, since incomes vary largely and have a basis on the strength of local teachers unions and local tax revenue The results received are positive. The program enhances high productivity or increased work quality as result of employees working

The effect of increased bank deposits ration with Chinese Central Bank Essay

The effect of increased bank deposits ration with Chinese Central Bank - Essay Example The effect of increased bank deposits ration with Chinese Central Bank If Chinese banks make more deposits with the central, the level of their total assets increase by the amount of deposits made to the central bank. Consequently, the central bank’s liabilities increase by the same amount of banks deposits. In most cases, the move will ensure that excess reserves within the banking system are reduced. In fact, banks will have to reduce their lending to households and firms by an equivalent amount deposited with the central bank. This policy measure could be realized if the central bank opts to sell bonds to banks from its portfolio to reduce excess reserves. For instance, the central bank might sell government bonds from available portfolios and the bonds could in turn be purchased by Chinese commercial banks. When banks make bonds payments by depositing an equivalent amount in reserves to the central bank, banks liabilities will increase by the amount of deposits made to the central whereas assets will increase by the amount of interest bearing bonds. However, the central bank’s assets will increase by the amount of deposits made while the assets will reduce by an equivalent amount of bonds issued. There are also numerous economic impacts ensuing from the decision made by People’s Central Bank. The effects are apparently depicted on the economic equilibrium (GDP) and expenses incurred. Indeed, the People’s Central Bank decision announcement that banks needs to hold extra deposits with China’s central bank causes considerable economic impact.

Strategic Analysis of BP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Analysis of BP - Research Paper Example An extensive literature review based on the firm’s strategic capabilities has been devoted in this study. Dynamic capability of a firm refers to the capabilities of strategic management in a competitive environment particularly in a perfect competition market where strategic insight is highly essential. This paper has described that theories are not sufficient to analyze the competitive performance of BP in the oil and gas industry. But a combination of study from both the field of strategic management and organization studies can show how a firm can develop symbolic capital by the social reputation and commitment. Theoretically it is called license to act which is critical activity of a firm. BP was involved in the incident of Deepwater Horizon spill in Gulf of Mexico. For this instance BP has to pay a huge amount of interest as the affected country was US and thereafter BP lost billions of its market shares. BP’s turnaround has been based on its performance and it was a symbolical event to this industry since 2005. BP managers followed a strategic activity which is theoretically called license to act which represented through the company’s acquisition of symbolic act. Discussion of theories & models from literature Three theories from the literature have been synthesized for effective discussion and analysis of the BP case. These are dynamic capability, discursive environment and symbolic capital. ... Resource based competitive advantage represents the efficient selection and optimum allocation of resources in the form of asset creation to gain capabilities that are rare and valuable for the firm itself. Organizations are aware of their internal capabilities which is analyzed by the performance and evaluated by the outcomes of the adequate level of performance. People in the organization learn new things with their work which summarized and termed as experience but when they gain experience through codification and articulation then it is termed as dynamic capability not only the general experience (Makhija, 2003, p.435). Organizations are typically constituted by past routines and patterns of different activities which the organization has followed earlier. Dynamic capabilities help the organization to realize the essential strategic objectives which can be imnp0limented through value addition in different activities. Apart from this strategic benefit, the firm can gain some othe r qualitative advantages. Differentiation of brand recognition is enhanced through effective strategic framework i.e. how fast and in what extend the developed strategies is implemented. The firm faces different obstacles in the way of implementation of different activities and for this reason it need to create an alternative framework for maintaining sustainable performance of the firm. The firm essentially needs dynamic capabilities for this type of effective performance strategy. It is reflected through the ability to gain new competitive advantage in the market dynamics. It is possible only through changes in the operational capabilities regarding implementation of activities. So the main aim of a production firm

Evaluating benefits of networks and performing network management Essay

Evaluating benefits of networks and performing network management responsibilities - Essay Example Local Area Networks (LAN) can be described in various configurations and layouts referred to as Network Topology. Network topology determines the connectivity and communications mode of nodes on a network. Topologies are described as either physical or logical.The most popular network topologies are:Bus topology provides the simplest network connection. A single cable connects all the computers and network peripherals. Each node communicates with any other node by using the physical address of the network card of the destination node. This physical address is called the Media Access Control (MAC) address. The cables are terminated at both ends. All network equipment or nodes are connected by cables to a central connection unit, or hub. The nodes communicate with each other via the hub. The hub could be a Server or a Router. The figure below shows a star network wiring.In a ring topology, all the nodes are linked in a logical circle. Data circulates from node to node via a connection unit known as Multi-station Access Unit (MAU). Note that a closed loop is formed with the cable returning to the first device.Devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network. As the number of nodes increases, so does the complexity and cost. They are not popular with LANs but are often used in WANs. 1.1 Advantages & Disadvantages of Networks in an Organization The following advantages follow from installing and managing efficiently, a LAN in an organization. Increased productivity: According to Forbes.com a 20% increase in productivity can be attained since less time is wasted searching for files or managing files manually. Data loss reduced :LANs server software provides facilities for automatic file backup and easy retrieval in accidental deletion. Protection of Business Information: Built-in firewall protection and secure remote access guards your network. Other security software are available to protect your network from Internet intruders: spam, e-mail attachments and spammers. Business Access anytime, anywhere: A LAN allows you to connect to your business anytime and from anywhere you have access to the Internet. Improved Team Performance: Your workers can work better as a team when they can share information resident on the LAN and collaborate anytime. Resources Sharing and Costs Reduction: LANs enable your organization to share resources such as Internet access and business software; equipment such as printers. Some of the disadvantages of LANs include the risk of exposure to the evils of the Internet , namely Internet fraud, identity theft, and loss of useful data that was not backed up before a network fails. 1.2 The OSI Reference Model A discussion on networks and network

Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay Example for Free

Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay Everyday Use by Alice Walker takes into account a central conflict between two women. This conflict is symbolized by two main characters; Mrs. Johnson and Dee. Both have certain characteristics are similar but mostly Alice juxtaposes these characters with each other to bring out the main theme of the play. Dee is an epitome of shallow materialism and an adherent of prevailing concept of heritage where heritage is revered only for trendiness and aesthetic attraction whereas Mrs. Johnson admires heritage for its practical utility and personal importance. Both Mrs. Johnson and Dee are from the same socio-cultural backgrounds but both are brought up in different cultural milieu. Both admire heritage but their motives are different. Mrs Johnson is ‘In real life I am a large, big- boned woman with rough, man-working hands’ (273) whereas Dee is soft-skinned and of delicate nature. Piedmont-Mortob is of the view that central conflict is between Maggie and Dee and â€Å"is about whether heritage exists in things or in spirit, or process. † Dee’s longing for heritage is for ostentatious reasons. For example she says, â€Å"I can use the chute top as a centerpiece for the alcove table†¦and I’ll think of something artistic to do with the dasher†. (277) Contemporary periodical necessities make her cherish and celebrate her Afro-American heritage. â€Å"Dee views her heritage as an artifact which she can possess and appreciate from a distance instead of as a process in which she is always intimately involved. † (Piedmont-Marton) But Mrs. Johnson and Maggie have learnt to live with their heritage. Dee is captivated by the beauty of â€Å"churn top† and wanted to have it to be used as centerpiece for her alcove table whereas Mrs. Johnson has used it practically for churn butter hitherto. Walker utilizes the butter churn to demonstrate Mrs. Johnson’s intrinsic understanding of heritage. When [Dee] finished wrapping the dasher the handle stuck out. I took it for a moment in my hands. You didn’t even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood. In fact, there were a lot of small sinks; you could see where thumbs and fingers had sunk into the wood. It was a beautiful light yellow wood, from a tree that grew in the yard where Big Dee and Stash had lived. (277) About quilts Dee says: â€Å"Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts†¦ She’d probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use† (278) that shows her shallow reason to love her heritage. Mrs. Johnson says, â€Å"I am the way my daughter would want me to be†. (273) This is manifestation of her adoption to the changing circumstances. Same is the case with Dee as her pretensions about her culture are directly related to the changing social environment where heritage is celebrated and is not understood. The development of Dee into Wangero shows various facets and phases through which black identity passed during late 1960s and 1970s. Predilection for appearance as compared with spirit remained hallmark of this era and this trend is manifested through Dee’s transformation into Wangero. â€Å"Dee’s new name, her costume, and her new boyfriend (or husband) are all indicative of her frivolous attitude toward her newly adopted African culture. † (White) Above-mentioned arguments and supported evidence show that there exist similarities as well difference between the character of Mrs. Johnson and Dee. They love the same thing for different reason. Works cited Piedmont-Marton, Elisabeth. An Overview of Everyday Use. Short Stories for Students. Gale Research, 1997. Literature Resource Center. Thomson Gale. Valencia Community College East Campus Lib. , Orlando. 18 Jan. 2002 https://www. linccweb. org/eresources. asp. White, David. â€Å"Everyday Use: Defining African-American Heritage. 2001. Anniinas Alice Walker Page. 19 Sept. 2002. Walker, Alice.

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory There are increasing number of women continue their careers after given birth to their childs. They are regarded as working mothers, whom are facing many difficulties to keep balance between the work and the family. This phenomenon led to many studies about the effect of maternal employment base on a secure mother-infant attachment.This paper raise the question: many mothers are often confronted with the dilemma of choosing between their jobs or careers, and their children, whether they should come back to work after post partum. The attachment theory in this paper was found by John Bowlby, whom emphasized the importance of mothers attention and care on the infant. He argued that there was a long time last influence on the infant future life. There are also contemporary reasearches suggested that maternal employment have benefits on the family and the infant. The paper analyze the deveopment of mother-infant attachment theories and current studies, to evaluate the positive and negati ve effect to the infant of working mother. Infant-mother attachment Attachment theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. It is a psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans pointed out that a young child needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally . According to his study of attachment theory, infant behaviour associated with attachment is primarily the seeking of proximity to an attachment figure, moreover, secure base and safe haven are the features and function of attachment relationships. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them. Many experts agree that the mother-child attachment bond is the term for our first interactive love relationship-the one we had with our primary caregivers, our mothers. The mother-child attachment bond shapes infants brains, profoundly influencing their self-esteem, their expectations of others, and their ability to attract and maintain successful relationships . Nowadays studies also support that during the early development, the infant-mother interaction and the early social experiences may produce long-lasting changes in the brain of the infant with profound behavioral and emotional effects throughout the whole life . The infant behaviors that have been implicated as resulting from this theoretically compromised mother infant relationship have included slight, transient effects on sociability and affective sharing to results suggesting significant increases in irritability, cognitive delays, behavioral problems, and difficulties with attachment among others . Overall, following attachment theory, the early connection developed between a primary child care provider and an infant is essential for development. Lacking of experience make it difficult for them to handle the issue about this new member and family transition, especially for the first-time parenthood. The success or failure of the attachment bond has a life-long effect in a persons life. Maternal employment and infant attachment Whether and how about the mothers working status affect the infant was a topic of great interest in the 1980s. In the context of mothers increased participation in paid work, attention has also turned to the impact of maternal employment and the use of nonmaternal child care as additional factors likely to affect maternal caregiving and the developing attachment relationship. Many scientists, politicians, and parents were worried about the children, especially infant, would suffer if others but not the moter cared for them most of the time , others argued that such worries were based on oppressive sexist prejudices not data . So debates started, positive or negative influence on the attachment of mother and infant, whether working mothers is taking the responsibility of the infant or not. Why do mothers go to work Why mothers go to work; in Hong Kong society, women go to work for more personal and social reasons than for financial reasons. In traditional society, mothers are performing stereotyped roles as be responsible for the household, such as doing housework, preparing dinner, caring of the children and husband. Now in modern society, women are no longer restricted by the traditional mother and wife role. For the economical reason, they want to make more benefits to the family and gain more independence in economic position. For the education standard, women who achieved high educational qualification, want to apply their knowledge to the work and pursue a successful career, and they are needed by the society. For the changing social norms, women are achieving more equalities in work, morevoer, they are not acted as bad moms when they go to work and pay less attention on the children. The whole society tend to accept working mothers. Though several reasons and conditions mentioned above seem to allow mothers to join the workforce, still many of them face with a dilemma regarding their career and family . Still so many mother feel struggling in the situation of whether to work or not. Negative aspect of working mothers According to the above attachment theories, it is easy to acknowledget the harm that would do to the infant lack of attachment. It is to say that negative influences on the development of secure attachment, or even potentially damaging . Fail to provide the child with sufficient structure, recognition, understanding, safety, and mutual accord may lead to become physically and emotionally distant in relationships in later relationship, remain insecure, become disorganized, aggressive and angry, and develop slowly. . A working mother is tend to create an insecure and inconsistent attachment. Stifter, Coulehan, and Fish , found no significant connections between work status and attachment security, but did caught the public attention of the consideration and inclusion of other variables such as maternal separation anxiety and maternal sensitivity. Specially the research did find that infants of mothers who were employed but reported high work-related separation anxiety were more likely to develop anxious-avoidant attachments. And then, a finding suggested that employed mother were less invested in parenthood and had high level of anxiety , implied high anxiety would get in the way of taking good care of the infant. A baby is supposed to grow up to be loving, well adjusted individual. A full-time employed mother would have missed out on being there and watching the baby from up close. These are important formative period, as a mothers instinct, want to be around to strengthen the attachment bond between mother and infant. The effects of maternal employment of secure mother-infant attachment relationship to be negative of majority according to those researches. These evidences support the hypothesis that working mothers increase the risk of some undesirable outcomes, espacilly in the babys first year. Positive aspect of working mothers Do maternal employment have an adverse effect on the children? The answer may be no. In fact, mothers with careers have a positive impact on children, as they serve as good role models. A study in Australia found no relation between maternal employment and infant attachment. In the early study, Bowlby insisted that separation from the mother should be kept to a minimum . However, in the further study, he developed his statement as a subsidiary attachment figure can meet an infants needs adequately in the primary figures absence . In another words, mother was not the only attachment bond to the baby and this finding gave the mother an opportunity to take a breath during the overwhelming duties. She did not need to take the only responsibility to the feedback towards the infant. Later, some scholars emphasized quality but not quantity of the attachment. Too much and too sensative responds to the baby may triggered a spoiling parental style. Prior to an infants self-regulation of external stimuli, parents are responsible . Parents have to learn the difference between too much and too little responds for managing the infant inattentiveness and excessive stimulation. Providing the appropriate amount of feedback for the baby is conducting a healthy attachment bond. I was impressed by a professorss saying that many parents feel very selfish and cruel in leaving their crying young child for the absence time. However, it is not only a beneficial opportunity for her parents, it is also an important lesson in trust for her that you will always be clear about when you are leaving, you will always provide a caring protector while you are gone, and, best of all, you always return to love and protect her . Parents should be comforted that, properly leaving but not always stick to the baby is also buliding a trustful relationship. For the further concern of the baby, Such working mothers tend to emphasise education, and also manage to spend quality time with their children. Talking about the dual income, the standard of living is higher, children get access to better quality education and extra-curricular activities. Acadamic statistic demonstrated this fact: secure parental employment lowers the incidence of poverty and the associated risks to children . The increase in the percentage of children living with a working parent is welcome news, said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health. Secure parental employment helps to reduce the psychological toll on families, brought on by parental unemployment and underemployment.Secure parental employment may also enhance childrens psychological well-being and improve family functioning by reducing stress and other negative effects that unemployment and underemployment can have on parents. Conclusion As we can see, there are pros and cons about maternal employmet. So we still have to deal with this dilemma and make our own decision. I think there are no right or wrong answers in this case. Whether you want to get back to work from the day you stop nursing your child, or whether you want to be a homemaker your entire life is entirely up to you. Some women find joy in the workplace, while others find it at home. In some conditions, women can handle both children and work well though it is a hard task. Maybe having one does not require sacrificing the other.

Causes And Effects Of Deforestation In Myanmar Environmental Sciences Essay

Causes And Effects Of Deforestation In Myanmar Environmental Sciences Essay According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations U.N.FAO, there are about 31,773,000 ha hectares or 48.3 of forests in Myanmar. An average of 372,250 ha or 0.95% of forest have been lost annually between 1990 and 2010. The organization states that within the period of 20 years (1990-2010), around 7,445,000 ha or 19.0% of the total forest has been cleared in Myanmar. Myanmar is one of the top ten countries that are happening highest deforestation rate in the world, and its rank is seven. The Rangoon-based Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association (BANCA) alerts that Myanmar is meeting a deforestation crisis because of natural disasters (hurricanes, floods, drought and fires), human activities (logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, cutting trees for fuel, mining operations, dam building, clearing land for livestock grazing and oil extraction) and overpopulation. If deforestation cannot be controlled by government, the result could be very disastrous. It has negative impacts on environmental degradation and direct biodiversity loss. Exporting timber and human population are the main causes of deforestation in Myanmar. The Global Witness Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) manipulated that Myanmar shipped at least one million cubic meters of timber into China in 2002. Between 2010 and 2011, government exported 864,000 metric tons of timber and got US$600 million from it. Moreover, according to the UN FAO report that Burmas rural populations of around 70% or at least 30 million rely on forests for their basic needs in 2009. Government and people do not aware if they cut a lot of trees for their profits; it will affect on ecosystem and happen a lot of natural disaster in Myanmar. The purpose of this paper is to show causes and effects of deforestation in Myanmar. In particular, the impact of climate changes is very serious problem in Myanmar due to deforestation. This paper will discuss the plans of government to solve these problems ,and it will also provide some possible suggestions to protect the forests. 1.0 Causes The meaning of deforestation is cutting, clearing and removing of trees for various reasons such as logging, slashing-and-burning agriculture, clearing land for livestock, building dam. Sometimes, natural disasters can extremely destruct forests. For instance, Cyclone Nargis destroyed a lot of trees in Myanmar on 2 and 3 May 2008. Myanmar is developing country, so the government and people are extremely depend on forests. They cut down a lot of trees for various reasons, but the main point is for short-term economic benefits (Putatunda, 2011). Deforestation can be caused not only human activities, but also natural disasters. In Myanmar, government exports a lot of natural resources to other countries, but they got more money by exporting timber. According to the parliamentary Natural Resources and Environment Conservation Committee, Myanmar exports a lot of teaks by legal or illegal. The London-based Environment Investigation Agency claims that Myanmar exported 1.6 million tones of teak per annually to neighboring countries such as India, China, Bangladesh, Thailand and Malaysia. http://www.itto.int/files/user/mis/mis%20charts%20homepage/snap20111201.gif The agency states Myanmar got $5.7 billion by exporting 18 million cubic meters of wood log between 2000 and 2010. According to statistics, Myanmar has more than 16.32 million hectares of forest, and the area of teak is 24,300 hectares while the area of hardwood is 324,000 hectares. In Myanmar almost 1.98 million cubic meters of hardwood and 283,000 cubic meters of teak are used in Myanmar per annual. As a result, cutting a lot of trees for exporting is threatening Myanmar forests. Overpopulation affect on forests because they destroy a lot of trees for their profit. In Myanmar, the population is increased approximately one million annually. The population Myanmar is 54,584,650 in 2012 .According to UNFAO, 70 percent of the Myanmar people live in rural area, and they rely on forests for their basic needs and sustenance and income. Similar to Indonesia, people who get less than US$ 1 cut trees to get a few income for short-term (Stolle, 2008). Deforestation can be caused by not only man-made, but also natural disasters. In Myanmar, forest fire is one of the main problems to destroy forests. Myanmar lost up to 10 tons of forest fuel because of forest fire. As a result, every 30 to 70 tons of top forest soil are destroyed in Myanmar. Myanmar is facing natural disasters such as cyclones, landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, fire and drought. They are also real threats to Myanmars environment. Effects Burning trees and clearing forest extremely affect on environment. A lot of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide are emitted from deforestation. Hence, the temperature of global is rising, so climate changes and soil erosion happen in Myanmar. 2.1 Climate Changes A lot of natural disasters are threatening Myanmars forest such as cyclones, earthquakes and floods (Moe, 2009). Cyclone Nargis destroyed trees and livelihood of people more than earthquake and floods. Cyclone Nargis was the top deadliest and most caustic tropical cyclones to ever strike Myanmar (The New York Time, 2012). The cyclone notably affected a total of 37 townships. The UN predicts more than 2.4 million people were affected by Cyclone. According to official figures, 53,800 were missing, and 84,500 people were killed. It also destroyed a million acres of rice paddies, trees and killed three-fourths of the livestock with its seawater surges. 2.2 Soil erosion and soil fertility loss In Myanmar, soil erosion is one of the most serious problems, and government cannot be controlled until now, so the agricultural products of Myanmar are falling. The fertility of the soil will reduce if the surface soil is eroded, and it can turn agricultural land into desert land. To prevent soil erosion, Myanmar should preserve forests and grasslands. If soil erosion cannot be preserved, it will lead to flooding. Weather and agricultural experts argue that they get 4 inches of rain from the flood areas, but flooding problems never happen with this amount of rainfall in the past. Not only nutrient depletion but also ecological, social and economic problem can be happened because of soil erosion. Solutions A lot of natural disasters are threatening people in Myanmar. Most disasters are caused by deforestation. So, the government are trying to reduce deforestation. They have three plans for that. First of all, they will completely ban exporting timber to other countries in 2014 (William Boot, 2012). However, it is difficult to stop illegal logging and exporting to China. The reason is Chinas border is very close with northern part of Myanmar. Most poor indigenous people are relying on forest for their basic need. Although the government does not allow to cut trees, they may do continue, but their strategic is a few positive effects on stopping illegal logging and exporting to not only China but also other countries. The second is reforestation. Every June or July, the government order to plant trees in the whole country. Moreover, the government has dictated its citizen between the ages of 11 and 60 must plant five trees per annually in China. The government mentions that the result of their program is they have been planted at least one billion trees since 1982. Although the government of Chinas plan succeed, in Myanmar, their programme failed since after planting trees, nobody care about them. In the peoples mind, their responsibility is just planting trees. The last strategy is collaboration with UN organization . It established The National Commission for Environment Affairs(NCEA) which purpose is to support the environmental protection and reduce the environmental degradation. The government expects this collaboration can prevent deforestation in Myanmar. The best solution is giving job to poor people. If they have enough money for their basic need, they will not destroy the forests. They will not care how many disasters happen and the government announces the rules because money is more important than retaining the environment for them. Furthermore, recycling and reusing items are also the best solution. For example, industries are using a lot of bamboo to produce paper. If people and students reuse the recycling paper, they may reduce using bamboo. These solutions may decline deforestation in Myanmar. Conclusion In conclusion, Myanmar was covered a lot of forests in the past, but nowadays, the coverage of forests decreased significanly in Myanmar. Exporting teaks and overpopulation are the main causes to be facing deforestation in Myanmar. Myanmar is poor country, so government budget depend on exporting teaks to other countries. Nearly 283,000 cubic meters of teak and 1,98 0,000 cubic meters of hardwood are used for exporting in Myanmar per year. Increasing population is also the main problem. Approximately one million people are incresing per annually. Most of them are poor, so they rely on forests for their basic needs. The result of destroying forests is emitting a lot of greenhouse gases. As a result the temperature is rising, and it affects on climate and soil of Myanmar. By changing climate, a lot of natural disasters are happening in Myanmar such as Cyclone Nargis, earthquakes, floods and drought. Cyclone Nargis destroyed a lot of trees and affected more than 2.4 million people, and it was nightmare for people. Myanmar has no many good place for agriculture due to deforestation. Government tried to solve deforestation , but it did not affect on the problem. Reducing unemployments and recycling items may prevent destroying the forests. If the government cannot control deforestaionthe, a lot of extreme natural disasters will occur in Myanmar. If there is no enough trees, the temperature will be higher and higher, and the death rate of people will sharply increase in hot season. Health problems and economy problems will also happen. It is believe that if there is no trees, animals can not survive. If there is no animals, all people cannot also survive. By maintaining the environment, the world will be beautiful.

Essay example --

The book of Matthew chapter 5 through 7 was known as, â€Å"The Sermon on the Mount†. Which were words spoken by Jesus Christ. The purpose of this Sermon was to show representation of the normative foundation of Christian Morality. For instance, this passage was more so fixated on whole hearted benevolence towards others around you and genuine devotion to God. The 10 commandments tradition was questioned by Jesus due to the fact that if an individual obeyed and observed God’s Law that would please God. Another way to please God would be if, â€Å"men entered the kingdom of heaven, which is possible only if they change qualitatively in their hearts†(Zunjic) The first portion of Jesus teachings were made up of blessings known as beatitudes. Beatitudes are a set of teachings by Jesus. The word beatitude stimulates from a Latin adjective beatitudo which means happiness, fortunate, and blissful. The beatitudes are mainly located in versus 3 to 6. According to Wilkins, â€Å"They apply in an almost, â€Å"upside down† reality and this vision that should be adhered to life in operating the kingdom life among God’s people.† If an individual decided to disobey or decided to not follow the rules of the pattern of this world, God would considered that type of behavior as an upside down life style. If you are an authentic discipline you would follow the guidelines of the beatitudes. â€Å"Jesus was looking to set goals in the beatitudes and the whole Sermon on the Mount. These goals should not be seen as impossible ideals, rather a new kind of life that strives,permeats and change lives†(Robinson, et al.). Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are... ... us to love the prosecutors who work and trespass against us. At the end of Jesus’ sermon he stated, â€Å"Be perfect therefore just as your heavenly father is perfect.†(Matthew 5 verse 48). When Jesus stated to be perfect, Jesus did not mean to be some type of big time over achiever or to have a perfect patty attitude. The point Jesus was trying to make was to stop comparing yourself to others. When people decide to put themselves in competition with others or compare themselves to others that will lead them to a path of false sense of righteousness. Jesus wants us to learn a lesson from his â€Å"to be perfect† statement. Jesus understands that no one is 100% perfect out here. There is also a chance where there can be an individual that is morally challenged than what you might be. In the end in God’s vision there is room for improvement in God’s perfection.